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Open access

Congenital hyperinsulinism and panhypopituitarism: a rare combination

Foram Patel, Ginger Darling, and Ahmed Torky

Summary

Neonatal hypoglycemia is a serious condition that can have a major impact on the growing neonatal brain. The differential diagnosis of neonatal hypoglycemia is broad and includes hyperinsulinism as well as panhypopituitarism. The FOXA2 gene has been involved in the development of the pancreas as well as the pituitary gland. Six cases have been reported thus far with FOXA2 mutations presenting with variable degrees of hypopituitarism, and only two patients had permanent hyperinsulinism; other cases have been reported with microdeletions in 20p11, the location that encompasses FOXA2, and those patients presented with a wider phenotype. A full-term female infant presented with severe hypoglycemia. Critical sampling showed an insulin of 1 mIU/mL, suppressed beta-hydroxybutyric acids, and suppressed free fatty acids. Blood glucose responded to glucagon administration. Growth hormone (GH) stimulation test later showed undetectable GH in all samples, and cortisol failed to respond appropriately to stimulation. Gonadotropins were undetectable at 1 month of life, and MRI showed ectopic posterior pituitary, interrupted stalk, hypoplastic anterior pituitary, cavum septum pellucidum, and diminutive appearance of optic nerves. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a likely pathogenic de novo c.604 T>C, p.Tyr202His FOXA2 mutation. We expand the known phenotype on FOXA2 mutations and report a likely pathogenic, novel mutation associated with hyperinsulinism and panhypopituitarism.

Learning points

  • FOXA2 has been shown to play an important role in the neuroectodermal and endodermal development.

  • FOXA2 mutation may lead to the rare combination of hyperinsulinism and panhypopituitarism.

  • Patients reported so far all responded well to diazoxide. Dysmorphology may be subtle, and liver functions should be monitored.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0355
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

Fulminant type 1 diabetes developed after influenza split vaccination

Toshitaka Sawamura, Shigehiro Karashima, Ai Ohmori, Kei Sawada, Daisuke Aono, Mitsuhiro Kometani, Yoshiyu Takeda, and Takashi Yoneda

Summary

Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is a subtype of diabetes characterized by rapid progression of β-cell destruction, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. However, viral infections, HLA genes, and immune checkpoint inhibitor use were reportedly involved in this disease. A 51-year-old Japanese man with no chronic medical condition was admitted to our hospital with complaints of nausea and vomiting. Cough, sore throat, nasal discharge, and diarrhea were not noted. He had a medical history of at least two influenza infections. His vaccination history was notable for receiving an inactive split influenza vaccine 12 days prior to developing these symptoms. He was diagnosed with DKA associated with FT1D. His HLA class II genotypes were nonsusceptible to FT1D, and he had a negative history of immune checkpoint inhibitor use. The destruction of the pancreas by cytotoxic T cells is reported to be involved in FT1D. Inactive split influenza vaccines do not directly activate cytotoxic T cells. However, these could activate the redifferentiation of memory CD8-positive T cells into cytotoxic T cells and induce FT1D, as this patient had a history of influenza infections.

Learning points

  • Influenza split vaccination could cause fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D).

  • The mechanism of influenza split vaccine-induced FT1D might be through the redifferentiation of CD8-positive memory T cells into cytotoxic T cells.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0342
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

Insulinoma with equivocal imaging

Wafa Belabed, Fatma Mnif, Abdel Mouhaymen Missaoui, Mouna Elleuch, Dhoha Ben Salah, Nadia Charfi, Mouna Mnif, Nabila Rekik, Faten Hadj Kacem, and Mohamed Abid

Summary

A 55-year-old patient was admitted to our department for the management of a repetitive alteration of consciousness. Biological investigation results were consistent with endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Insulinoma was therefore suspected. Abdominal computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound showed no obvious pancreatic mass.Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy showed abnormal radioactive uptake in both the pancreatic tail and the uncinate process. Contrariwise, abdominal magnetic resonance imaging showed a unique lesion in the pancreas tail. The patient was then proposed for pancreatic surgery. Both intraoperative manual palpation and intraoperative ultrasonography of the pancreas showed a single corporal lesion of 1.5 cm. No lesion was found in the uncinate process. After a left pancreatectomy, the lesion was histopathologically confirmed to be a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. The symptoms of the patient resolved almost immediately following the surgery. The follow-up is one and a half years to date.

Learning points

  • The exact preoperative localization of the pancreatic mass remains the most challenging part of insulinoma diagnostic workup.

  • The radiologist’s experience is the best warrantor to a precise localization of the tumor.

  • 111In-DTPA-octreotide uptake in the pancreatic uncinate process may be physiological and its interpretation must, therefore, be vigilant.

  • Manual palpation along with intraoperative ultrasonography is considered as the most effective method for the localization of insulinomas during open surgery.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-23-0015
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

Regression from stage 3 to stage 2 type 1 diabetes mellitus after discontinuing growth hormone therapy

Micah A Fischer, Ghada A Elmahmudi, Bracha K Goldsweig, and Salaheddin H Elrokhsi

Summary

Multiple research studies address the anti-insulinemic effect of growth hormone (GH). We report a case of a patient with anterior hypopituitarism on GH replacement who later developed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy was discontinued at the time of growth completion. Because of significantly improved glycemic control, this patient was weaned off subcutaneous insulin. He regressed from stage 3 to stage 2 T1DM and remained in this status for at least 2 years and until the writing of this paper. The diagnosis of T1DM was established based on relatively low C-peptide and insulin levels for the degree of hyperglycemia as well as seropositivity of zinc transporter antibody and islet antigen-2 antibody. Additional laboratory data obtained 2 months after discontinuing rhGH revealed improved endogenous insulin secretion. This case report calls attention to the diabetogenic effect of GH therapy in the setting of T1DM. It also demonstrates the possibility of regression from stage 3 T1DM requiring insulin therapy to stage 2 T1DM with asymptomatic dysglycemia after discontinuing rhGH.

Learning points

  • Given the diabetogenic effect of growth hormone, blood glucose levels should be monitored in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on insulin therapy and recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) replacement.

  • Clinicians should closely monitor for risk of hypoglycemia after discontinuing rhGH among T1DM patients who are on insulin treatment.

  • The discontinuation of rhGH in the setting of T1DM may cause regression of symptomatic T1DM to asymptomatic dysglycemia requiring no insulin treatment.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0276
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

Use of plasma rich in growth factors for symptoms of diabetic neuropathy

S J Roman and Zach Broyer

Summary

Painful peripheral polyneuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is a significant source of chronic disability and remains a challenging condition with no available disease-modifying treatment. In the present case report, we describe the treatment of a patient featuring painful diabetic neuropathy with perineural injections of autologous plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF). At one-year post-procedure, the patient exhibited improved scores on the neuropathic pain scale and improvement in the activity level.

Learning points

  • Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) is an autologous product that can be prepared and administered in a physician’s office.

  • PRGF can be infiltrated as a liquid, creating a three-dimensional gel scaffold in the body.

  • PRGF releases growth factors involved in nerve healing.

  • PRGF may be established as a potent alternative treatment of painful diabetic polyneuropathy.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0396
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

Acute onset of diabetes and rapid cognitive decline in a patient with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome

Nam Quang Tran, Chien Cong Phan, Tran Bao Vuong, Thang Viet Tran, and Phat Tung Ma

Summary

Mitochondrial diseases are a group of rare diseases presenting with heterogeneous clinical, biochemical, and genetic disorders caused by mutations in the mitochondrial or nuclear genome. Multiple organs can be affected, particularly those with high energy demand. Diabetes is a common endocrine manifestation of mitochondrial diseases. The onset of mitochondrial diabetes can be latent or acute, and the presenting phenotype can be type 1- or type 2-like. Studies show that diabetes ais associated with latent progression of cognitive decline in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome. Herein, we report a case of rapid cognitive decline after the acute onset of diabetes in a patient with MELAS syndrome. The patient was a 36-year-old woman who was hospitalized due to hyperglycemic crisis and seizures. She was diagnosed with MELAS syndrome two years previously, and had gradually progressing dementia and hearing loss. However, following the acute onset of diabetes, she developed rapid cognitive decline and loss of ability to perform daily activities. In conclusion, the acute onset of diabetes could be an associated risk factor for rapid cognitive decline in patients with MELAS syndrome. Thus, these patients as well as healthy carriers with related genetic mutations should undergo diabetes education and screening tests. Moreover, clinicians should be aware of the possibility for acute onset of hyperglycemic crisis, particularly in the presence of triggering factors.

Learning points

  • Diabetes is a common endocrine manifestation of mitochondrial diseases, presenting with a type 1- or type 2-like phenotype depending on the level of insulinopenia.

  • Metformin should be avoided in patients with mitochondrial diseases to prevent metformin-induced lactic acidosis.

  • Mitochondrial diabetes can manifest before or after the onset of MELAS syndrome.

  • In patients with MELAS syndrome, diabetes can initially manifest with a life-threatening severe hyperglycemic crisis and can cause rapid cognitive decline.

  • Diabetes screening tests (e.g. hemoglobin A1c, oral glucose tolerance test, or random blood glucose level measurement) should be performed either systematically or in the presence of symptoms, particularly after triggering events.

  • Genetic testing and counseling should be provided to patients and their families for the purpose of better understanding the inheritance, progression, and possible outcomes of the disease.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0416
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

A family with type A insulin resistance syndrome caused by a novel insulin receptor mutation

Osamu Horikawa, Satoshi Ugi, Tomofumi Takayoshi, Yasushi Omura, Maya Yonishi, Daisuke Sato, Yukihiro Fujita, Tomoya Fuke, Yushi Hirota, Wataru Ogawa, and Hiroshi Maegawa

Summary

A 17-year-old boy was referred to our endocrinology clinic for a clinical investigation of hyperinsulinemia. An oral glucose tolerance test showed plasma glucose concentrations in the normal range. However, insulin concentrations were considerably elevated (0 min: 71 μU/mL; 60 min: 953 μU/mL), suggesting severe insulin resistance. An insulin tolerance test confirmed that he had insulin resistance. There was no apparent hormonal or metabolic cause, including obesity. The patient had no outward features of hyperinsulinemia, including acanthosis nigricans or hirsutism. However, his mother and grandfather also had hyperinsulinemia. Genetic testing showed that the patient (proband), his mother, and his grandfather had a novel p.Val1086del heterozygous mutation in exon 17 of the insulin receptor gene (INSR). Although all three family members have the same mutation, their clinical courses have been different. The onset of the mother’s diabetes was estimated at 50 years, whereas the grandfather developed diabetes at 77 years.

Learning points

  • Type A insulin resistance syndrome is caused by mutations in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene and results in severe insulin resistance.

  • Genetic evaluation should be considered in adolescents or young adults with dysglycemia when an atypical phenotype, such as severe insulin resistance, or a relevant family history is observed.

  • Clinical courses may differ even if the same genetic mutation is found in a family.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0362
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

First report of type 2 diabetes mellitus in an adult with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase deficiency

Valerie Lai, Mariam Shahidi, Alicia Chan, and Shailly Jain-Ghai

Summary

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lyase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in a lack of ketogenesis and leucine catabolism. Hallmarks of decompensation include hypoglycemia without ketosis (or hypoketosis), metabolic acidosis, and hyperammonemia. Management includes avoiding fasting and restricting dietary protein and fat. Conversely, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires carbohydrate restriction and/or anti-hyperglycemic agents; thus, managing these co-existing disorders is challenging. A 36-year-old male with HMG-CoA lyase deficiency and T2DM (Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): 7.9%) presented with confusion and shock. Blood work revealed metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, hyperglycemia, and hypoketosis. The patient was diagnosed with hyperosmolar non-ketotic hyperglycemia and hyperammonemia secondary to HMG-CoA lyase metabolic decompensation requiring intensive care unit admission. Hyperammonemia management was challenging because alternative calories with i.v. dextrose (due to hyperglycemia) and i.v. lipids (due to HMG-CoA lyase deficiency) could not be provided as usual. The patient was started on hemodialysis and i.v. insulin with marked improvement. Once stabilized, metformin and insulin were initiated. T2DM impaired cellular glucose uptake and produced a state similar to hypoglycemia, despite the patient being profoundly hyperglycemic, which led to metabolic decompensation of HMG-CoA lyase deficiency. Managing T2DM and HMG-CoA lyase deficiency warrants special considerations due to the potential for metabolic decompensation with both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

Learning points

  • In a patient with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lyase deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), management principles include avoiding hypoglycemia to prevent metabolic decompensation, providing insulin for proper glucose utilization, and moderation of carbohydrate intake to prevent consequences of chronic hyperglycemia.

  • The development of insulin resistance in the form of T2DM in HMG-CoA lyase deficiency likely triggered a state similar to hypoglycemia, leading to cellular energy deficiency and subsequently metabolic decompensation.

  • It is important to avoid hypoglycemia in patients with HMG-CoA lyase deficiency and T2DM, as the risk of metabolic decompensation is increased due to the lack of ketogenesis in HMG-CoA lyase deficiency.

  • Selection of antidiabetic agents in this patient population requires careful consideration, and agents that have a higher risk of hypoglycemia should be avoided.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0413
Volume 2023: Issue 1
Open access

Parathyroid carcinoma with pancreatitis causing hypercalcaemic emergency treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted parathyroid resection

Madoka Toyoda, Nobuyasu Suganuma, Akari Takahashi, Taku Masuda, Masami Goda, Tatsuya Yoshida, Norio Yukawa, Shoji Yamanaka, Yasushi Rino, and Munetaka Masuda

Summary

Emergencies due to malignancies usually have a severe clinical course and require urgent treatment. These scenarios are dubbed ‘oncologic emergencies’. Parathyroid tumours often cause hypercalcaemia but not oncologic emergencies. We present a case of parathyroid carcinoma with severe hypercalcaemia and pancreatitis, resolved by surgical resection of the tumour assisted by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A 66-year-old woman presented to our hospital because of haematuria. Laboratory findings were as follows: white blood cell count: 30 000, C-reactive protein: 17.7, calcium: 21.9, creatine kinase: 316, creatine kinase-myoglobin binding: 20, troponin I: 1415.8, amylase: 1046, lipase: 499, blood urea nitrogen: 57, and creatinine: 2.42. ECG was unremarkable. CT revealed a 4-cm low-density irregular tumour in the left lobe of the thyroid gland and severe pancreatitis. We diagnosed hypercalcaemia and pancreatitis due to parathyroid carcinoma. Volume expansion with isotonic saline was started immediately. Calcitonin, followed by denosumab, calcimimetic agents, and continuous hemodiafiltration were administered. The patient’s general condition worsened due to uncontrolled hypercalcaemia. Urgent tumour resection was planned, assisted with ECMO for cardiopulmonary support and surgical field venous pressure reduction. Tumour histology was suggestive of parathyroid carcinoma. Hypercalcaemia and the patient’s general condition improved gradually postoperatively. Hypercalcaemia is one of the oncologic emergency symptoms, commonly occurring because of lytic bone metastasis. However, reports about parathyroid carcinoma-causing life-threatening hypercalcaemia and pancreatitis are scarce; the fatality of this condition is estimated to be 30–70%. We report a case of survival of hypercalcaemia of malignancy.

Learning points

  • Parathyroid carcinoma is relatively rare and sometimes causes emergent conditions such as hypercalcaemia and severe pancreatitis.

  • General therapy for hypercalcaemia including aggressive saline dehydration, administration of furosemide, calcitonin, zoledronic acid, and evocalcet, and dialysis is sometimes ineffective for parathyroid carcinoma. Therefore, careful planning of therapy in case of exacerbation is important.

  • During an emergency, rapid surgical treatment despite high calcium level is the best potential therapeutic strategy.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0323
Volume 2023: Issue 1
Open access

Nesidioblastosis: an uncommon complication seen post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Kiveum Kim, Jacob Lim Greenspan, Shaheen Mehrara, David Wynne, and Elizabeth Ennis

Summary

Adult-onset nesidioblastosis is a rare complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and may occur months to years after the initial surgical procedure. It is manifested by a hyperinsulinemic, hypoglycemic state. The annual incidence of adult-onset hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is believed to be less than 0.1 in 1 000 000 with a mean age of onset of 47 years (). Here, we describe a patient who presented with worsening hypoglycemic symptoms for 1 year prior to presentation that eventually progressed to hypoglycemic seizures. The onset of this hypoglycemia was 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. A full neurological evaluation, which included an EEG, head CT, and MRI, was performed to rule out epilepsy and other seizure-related disorders. After hypoglycemia was confirmed, extensive laboratory studies were obtained to elucidate the cause of the hypoglycemia and differentiate nesidioblastosis from insulinoma. Once the diagnosis of nesidioblastosis was established, a sub-total pancreatectomy was performed, and the patient was discharged and placed on acarbose, a competitive reversible inhibitor of pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal brush border α-glucosidases which slows carbohydrate absorption. The lack of information and understanding of nesidioblastosis due to its rarity makes any knowledge of this rare but important surgical complication essential. As incidence of obesity increases, the number of gastric bypasses being performed increases with it, and understanding this disease process will be essential for the primary care provider. This is the primary reason for the writing of this publication.

Learning points

  • Nesidioblastosis is a persistent hyperinsulinemic, hypoglycemic state, mostly seen after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, with symptoms occurring postprandially.

  • The incidence is 0.1–0.3% of all post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients.

  • The key diagnostic clue to identifying nesidioblastosis is a positive selective arterial calcium stimulation test, showing a diffuse pattern of increased basal hepatic venous insulin concentration, whereas insulinomas would show focal increases.

  • Pathological specimen of pancreas will show diffuse hypertrophy of beta cells.

  • Management includes acarbose and total or subtotal pancreatectomy, which can be curative.

  • With the prevalence of obesity increasing and more patients turning to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, more patients may be at risk of this potential surgical complication.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0361
Volume 2022: Issue 1