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Open access

Fulminant type 1 diabetes developed after influenza split vaccination

Toshitaka Sawamura, Shigehiro Karashima, Ai Ohmori, Kei Sawada, Daisuke Aono, Mitsuhiro Kometani, Yoshiyu Takeda, and Takashi Yoneda

Summary

Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is a subtype of diabetes characterized by rapid progression of β-cell destruction, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. However, viral infections, HLA genes, and immune checkpoint inhibitor use were reportedly involved in this disease. A 51-year-old Japanese man with no chronic medical condition was admitted to our hospital with complaints of nausea and vomiting. Cough, sore throat, nasal discharge, and diarrhea were not noted. He had a medical history of at least two influenza infections. His vaccination history was notable for receiving an inactive split influenza vaccine 12 days prior to developing these symptoms. He was diagnosed with DKA associated with FT1D. His HLA class II genotypes were nonsusceptible to FT1D, and he had a negative history of immune checkpoint inhibitor use. The destruction of the pancreas by cytotoxic T cells is reported to be involved in FT1D. Inactive split influenza vaccines do not directly activate cytotoxic T cells. However, these could activate the redifferentiation of memory CD8-positive T cells into cytotoxic T cells and induce FT1D, as this patient had a history of influenza infections.

Learning points

  • Influenza split vaccination could cause fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D).

  • The mechanism of influenza split vaccine-induced FT1D might be through the redifferentiation of CD8-positive memory T cells into cytotoxic T cells.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0342
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

Insulinoma with equivocal imaging

Wafa Belabed, Fatma Mnif, Abdel Mouhaymen Missaoui, Mouna Elleuch, Dhoha Ben Salah, Nadia Charfi, Mouna Mnif, Nabila Rekik, Faten Hadj Kacem, and Mohamed Abid

Summary

A 55-year-old patient was admitted to our department for the management of a repetitive alteration of consciousness. Biological investigation results were consistent with endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Insulinoma was therefore suspected. Abdominal computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound showed no obvious pancreatic mass.Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy showed abnormal radioactive uptake in both the pancreatic tail and the uncinate process. Contrariwise, abdominal magnetic resonance imaging showed a unique lesion in the pancreas tail. The patient was then proposed for pancreatic surgery. Both intraoperative manual palpation and intraoperative ultrasonography of the pancreas showed a single corporal lesion of 1.5 cm. No lesion was found in the uncinate process. After a left pancreatectomy, the lesion was histopathologically confirmed to be a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. The symptoms of the patient resolved almost immediately following the surgery. The follow-up is one and a half years to date.

Learning points

  • The exact preoperative localization of the pancreatic mass remains the most challenging part of insulinoma diagnostic workup.

  • The radiologist’s experience is the best warrantor to a precise localization of the tumor.

  • 111In-DTPA-octreotide uptake in the pancreatic uncinate process may be physiological and its interpretation must, therefore, be vigilant.

  • Manual palpation along with intraoperative ultrasonography is considered as the most effective method for the localization of insulinomas during open surgery.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-23-0015
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

Acute onset of diabetes and rapid cognitive decline in a patient with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome

Nam Quang Tran, Chien Cong Phan, Tran Bao Vuong, Thang Viet Tran, and Phat Tung Ma

Summary

Mitochondrial diseases are a group of rare diseases presenting with heterogeneous clinical, biochemical, and genetic disorders caused by mutations in the mitochondrial or nuclear genome. Multiple organs can be affected, particularly those with high energy demand. Diabetes is a common endocrine manifestation of mitochondrial diseases. The onset of mitochondrial diabetes can be latent or acute, and the presenting phenotype can be type 1- or type 2-like. Studies show that diabetes ais associated with latent progression of cognitive decline in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome. Herein, we report a case of rapid cognitive decline after the acute onset of diabetes in a patient with MELAS syndrome. The patient was a 36-year-old woman who was hospitalized due to hyperglycemic crisis and seizures. She was diagnosed with MELAS syndrome two years previously, and had gradually progressing dementia and hearing loss. However, following the acute onset of diabetes, she developed rapid cognitive decline and loss of ability to perform daily activities. In conclusion, the acute onset of diabetes could be an associated risk factor for rapid cognitive decline in patients with MELAS syndrome. Thus, these patients as well as healthy carriers with related genetic mutations should undergo diabetes education and screening tests. Moreover, clinicians should be aware of the possibility for acute onset of hyperglycemic crisis, particularly in the presence of triggering factors.

Learning points

  • Diabetes is a common endocrine manifestation of mitochondrial diseases, presenting with a type 1- or type 2-like phenotype depending on the level of insulinopenia.

  • Metformin should be avoided in patients with mitochondrial diseases to prevent metformin-induced lactic acidosis.

  • Mitochondrial diabetes can manifest before or after the onset of MELAS syndrome.

  • In patients with MELAS syndrome, diabetes can initially manifest with a life-threatening severe hyperglycemic crisis and can cause rapid cognitive decline.

  • Diabetes screening tests (e.g. hemoglobin A1c, oral glucose tolerance test, or random blood glucose level measurement) should be performed either systematically or in the presence of symptoms, particularly after triggering events.

  • Genetic testing and counseling should be provided to patients and their families for the purpose of better understanding the inheritance, progression, and possible outcomes of the disease.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0416
Volume 2023: Issue 2
Open access

First report of type 2 diabetes mellitus in an adult with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase deficiency

Valerie Lai, Mariam Shahidi, Alicia Chan, and Shailly Jain-Ghai

Summary

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lyase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in a lack of ketogenesis and leucine catabolism. Hallmarks of decompensation include hypoglycemia without ketosis (or hypoketosis), metabolic acidosis, and hyperammonemia. Management includes avoiding fasting and restricting dietary protein and fat. Conversely, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires carbohydrate restriction and/or anti-hyperglycemic agents; thus, managing these co-existing disorders is challenging. A 36-year-old male with HMG-CoA lyase deficiency and T2DM (Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): 7.9%) presented with confusion and shock. Blood work revealed metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, hyperglycemia, and hypoketosis. The patient was diagnosed with hyperosmolar non-ketotic hyperglycemia and hyperammonemia secondary to HMG-CoA lyase metabolic decompensation requiring intensive care unit admission. Hyperammonemia management was challenging because alternative calories with i.v. dextrose (due to hyperglycemia) and i.v. lipids (due to HMG-CoA lyase deficiency) could not be provided as usual. The patient was started on hemodialysis and i.v. insulin with marked improvement. Once stabilized, metformin and insulin were initiated. T2DM impaired cellular glucose uptake and produced a state similar to hypoglycemia, despite the patient being profoundly hyperglycemic, which led to metabolic decompensation of HMG-CoA lyase deficiency. Managing T2DM and HMG-CoA lyase deficiency warrants special considerations due to the potential for metabolic decompensation with both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

Learning points

  • In a patient with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lyase deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), management principles include avoiding hypoglycemia to prevent metabolic decompensation, providing insulin for proper glucose utilization, and moderation of carbohydrate intake to prevent consequences of chronic hyperglycemia.

  • The development of insulin resistance in the form of T2DM in HMG-CoA lyase deficiency likely triggered a state similar to hypoglycemia, leading to cellular energy deficiency and subsequently metabolic decompensation.

  • It is important to avoid hypoglycemia in patients with HMG-CoA lyase deficiency and T2DM, as the risk of metabolic decompensation is increased due to the lack of ketogenesis in HMG-CoA lyase deficiency.

  • Selection of antidiabetic agents in this patient population requires careful consideration, and agents that have a higher risk of hypoglycemia should be avoided.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0413
Volume 2023: Issue 1
Open access

Parathyroid carcinoma with pancreatitis causing hypercalcaemic emergency treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted parathyroid resection

Madoka Toyoda, Nobuyasu Suganuma, Akari Takahashi, Taku Masuda, Masami Goda, Tatsuya Yoshida, Norio Yukawa, Shoji Yamanaka, Yasushi Rino, and Munetaka Masuda

Summary

Emergencies due to malignancies usually have a severe clinical course and require urgent treatment. These scenarios are dubbed ‘oncologic emergencies’. Parathyroid tumours often cause hypercalcaemia but not oncologic emergencies. We present a case of parathyroid carcinoma with severe hypercalcaemia and pancreatitis, resolved by surgical resection of the tumour assisted by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A 66-year-old woman presented to our hospital because of haematuria. Laboratory findings were as follows: white blood cell count: 30 000, C-reactive protein: 17.7, calcium: 21.9, creatine kinase: 316, creatine kinase-myoglobin binding: 20, troponin I: 1415.8, amylase: 1046, lipase: 499, blood urea nitrogen: 57, and creatinine: 2.42. ECG was unremarkable. CT revealed a 4-cm low-density irregular tumour in the left lobe of the thyroid gland and severe pancreatitis. We diagnosed hypercalcaemia and pancreatitis due to parathyroid carcinoma. Volume expansion with isotonic saline was started immediately. Calcitonin, followed by denosumab, calcimimetic agents, and continuous hemodiafiltration were administered. The patient’s general condition worsened due to uncontrolled hypercalcaemia. Urgent tumour resection was planned, assisted with ECMO for cardiopulmonary support and surgical field venous pressure reduction. Tumour histology was suggestive of parathyroid carcinoma. Hypercalcaemia and the patient’s general condition improved gradually postoperatively. Hypercalcaemia is one of the oncologic emergency symptoms, commonly occurring because of lytic bone metastasis. However, reports about parathyroid carcinoma-causing life-threatening hypercalcaemia and pancreatitis are scarce; the fatality of this condition is estimated to be 30–70%. We report a case of survival of hypercalcaemia of malignancy.

Learning points

  • Parathyroid carcinoma is relatively rare and sometimes causes emergent conditions such as hypercalcaemia and severe pancreatitis.

  • General therapy for hypercalcaemia including aggressive saline dehydration, administration of furosemide, calcitonin, zoledronic acid, and evocalcet, and dialysis is sometimes ineffective for parathyroid carcinoma. Therefore, careful planning of therapy in case of exacerbation is important.

  • During an emergency, rapid surgical treatment despite high calcium level is the best potential therapeutic strategy.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0323
Volume 2023: Issue 1
Open access

Nesidioblastosis: an uncommon complication seen post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Kiveum Kim, Jacob Lim Greenspan, Shaheen Mehrara, David Wynne, and Elizabeth Ennis

Summary

Adult-onset nesidioblastosis is a rare complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and may occur months to years after the initial surgical procedure. It is manifested by a hyperinsulinemic, hypoglycemic state. The annual incidence of adult-onset hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is believed to be less than 0.1 in 1 000 000 with a mean age of onset of 47 years (). Here, we describe a patient who presented with worsening hypoglycemic symptoms for 1 year prior to presentation that eventually progressed to hypoglycemic seizures. The onset of this hypoglycemia was 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. A full neurological evaluation, which included an EEG, head CT, and MRI, was performed to rule out epilepsy and other seizure-related disorders. After hypoglycemia was confirmed, extensive laboratory studies were obtained to elucidate the cause of the hypoglycemia and differentiate nesidioblastosis from insulinoma. Once the diagnosis of nesidioblastosis was established, a sub-total pancreatectomy was performed, and the patient was discharged and placed on acarbose, a competitive reversible inhibitor of pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal brush border α-glucosidases which slows carbohydrate absorption. The lack of information and understanding of nesidioblastosis due to its rarity makes any knowledge of this rare but important surgical complication essential. As incidence of obesity increases, the number of gastric bypasses being performed increases with it, and understanding this disease process will be essential for the primary care provider. This is the primary reason for the writing of this publication.

Learning points

  • Nesidioblastosis is a persistent hyperinsulinemic, hypoglycemic state, mostly seen after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, with symptoms occurring postprandially.

  • The incidence is 0.1–0.3% of all post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients.

  • The key diagnostic clue to identifying nesidioblastosis is a positive selective arterial calcium stimulation test, showing a diffuse pattern of increased basal hepatic venous insulin concentration, whereas insulinomas would show focal increases.

  • Pathological specimen of pancreas will show diffuse hypertrophy of beta cells.

  • Management includes acarbose and total or subtotal pancreatectomy, which can be curative.

  • With the prevalence of obesity increasing and more patients turning to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, more patients may be at risk of this potential surgical complication.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0361
Volume 2022: Issue 1
Open access

Acute presentation of immunotherapy-related diabetes mellitus without ketoacidosis, low C-peptide or elevated HbA1c

Cun An Phang, Shejil Kumar, and Peter Rohl

Summary

The rapid rise in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors as systemic cancer therapy has seen the emergence of immunotherapy-induced diabetes, a severe irreversible immunotherapy-related adverse event. Affected patients typically present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and low C-peptide consistent with insulin deficiency secondary to autoimmune β-cell destruction. We present the unusual case of a 61-year-old female with metastatic ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma with primary tumour adjacent to the pancreatic head. She was commenced on immunotherapy after conventional systemic chemotherapy. Acute-onset hyperglycaemia was detected after 7 weeks on weekly blood glucose monitoring, with no glucocorticoid use or prior history of diabetes. On presentation, there was no evidence of DKA, and her glycated haemoglobin level was within the normal non-diabetic range at 5.3%, reflecting the acuity of her presentation. Initial serum C-peptide was preserved; however, it became undetectable a few weeks later, confirming insulin deficiency. We describe a case of atypical presentation of immunotherapy-induced diabetes, review the existing literature on this emerging clinical entity and discuss the differential diagnosis for new-onset diabetes mellitus in patients with metastatic cancer.

Learning points

  • Regular proactive glycaemic monitoring in patients receiving immunotherapy, particularly antibodies against programmed death ligand 1 and PD1, can facilitate very early detection of immunotherapy-induced diabetes, prompting insulin commencement and avoiding life-threatening presentations of diabetic ketoacidosis.

  • Glycated haemoglobin can be within the normal range in patients diagnosed acutely with immunotherapy-induced diabetes.

  • Serum C-peptide can be preserved initially in patients diagnosed with immunotherapy-induced diabetes but is likely to become undetectable during their illness.

  • New-onset diabetes in patients with metastatic cancer carries a broad differential diagnosis.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0291
Volume 2022: Issue 1
Open access

Adult-onset nesidioblastosis: a challenging diagnosis revealed by glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor imaging

Sophie Demartin, Pierre Goffette, Emanuel Christ, Martin T Freitag, Dominique Maiter, and Raluca Maria Furnica

Summary

A 52-year-old female presented with recurrent episodes of fasting or post-absorptive hypoglycemia. A 72-h fasting test confirmed endogenous hyperinsulinemia. Conventional imaging was unremarkable. Selective pancreatic arterial calcium stimulation and hepatic venous sampling showed a maximum calcium-stimulated insulin concentration from several pancreatic areas, mainly the proximal splenic artery and the proximal gastroduodenal artery, suggesting the presence of one or more occult insulinoma(s) in the region of the pancreatic body. 68Ga-DOTA-exendin-4 PET/CT showed however generalized increased uptake in the pancreas and a diagnosis of nesidioblastosis was therefore suspected. The patient has been since successfully treated with dietetic measures and diazoxide. Treatment efficacy was confirmed by a flash glucose monitoring system with a follow-up of 7 months.

Learning points

  • Adult nesidioblastosis is a rare cause of endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

  • The distinction between insulinoma and nesidioblastosis is essential since the therapeutic strategies are different.

  • 68Ga-DOTA-exendin-4 PET/CT emerges as a new noninvasive diagnostic tool for the localization of an endogenous source of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

  • Medical management with dietetic measures and diazoxide need to be considered as a valuable option to treat patients with adult nesidioblastosis.

  • Flash glucose monitoring system is helpful for the evaluation of treatment efficacy.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0325
Volume 2022: Issue 1
Open access

Myopathic dysphagia caused by thyrotoxicosis: a case report and review of the literature

Raad Alwithenani, Danielle M Andrade, Lingxin Zhang, and Karen E Gomez-Hernandez

Summary

Myopathy caused by thyrotoxicosis is not uncommon. Skeletal muscles are commonly involved, but dysphagia is a rare manifestation of thyrotoxicosis. We aim to raise awareness of dysphagia caused by hyperthyroidism and review similar cases in the literature. We present a case of severe dysphagia caused by hyperthyroidism. We also summarize similar case reports in the literature. Our patient is a 77-year-old man who presented with thyrotoxicosis related to Graves’ disease (GD), dysphagia to both liquid and solid food, and weight loss. Further investigations revealed severe esophageal dysphagia and a high risk for aspiration. He required the placement of a G-tube for feeding. After 8 weeks of methimazole treatment, his thyroid function normalized and his dysphagia improved significantly, leading to the removal of the feeding G-tube. We summarize 19 case reports published in the literature of hyperthyroidism leading to dysphagia. Patients with thyrotoxicosis and dysphagia are at higher risk for aspiration pneumonia and thyroid storm. Based on previous case reports, on average, approximately 3 weeks of treatment with anti-thyroidal drugs and beta-blockers is needed before patients can eat normally. We report a case of dysphagia associated with GD, which is rare and needs prompt recognition to restore euthyroid status. Dysphagia generally resolved with normalization of thyroid function.

Learning points

  • Myopathy caused by thyrotoxicosis is not uncommon.

  • Skeletal muscles are commonly involved, but dysphagia is a rare manifestation of thyrotoxicosis.

  • Dysphagia due to hyperthyroidism resolves with normalization of thyroid function.

  • Early recognition of dysphagia related to hyperthyroidism and early initiation of therapy may help reverse the dysphagia and prevent complications.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-21-0175
Volume 2022: Issue 1
Open access

Hypertriglyceridemia as a main feature associated with 17q12 deletion syndrome-related hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β-maturity-onset diabetes of the young

Yotsapon Thewjitcharoen, Soontaree Nakasatien, Tsz Fung Tsoi, Cadmon K P Lim, Thep Himathongkam, and Juliana C N Chan

Summary

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1B) gene is located on chromosome 17q12. It is a transcription factor implicated in the early embryonic development of multiple organs. HNF1B-associated disease is a multi-system disorder with variable clinical phenotypes. There are increasing reports suggesting that the 17q12 deletion syndrome should be suspected in patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5) due to the deletion of HNF1B gene. In contrast to classical 17q12 syndrome in childhood with neurological disorders and autism, patients with HNF1B-MODY deletion rarely had neuropsychological disorders or learning disabilities. The diagnosis of 17q12 deletion syndrome highlighted the phenotypic heterogeneity of HNF1B-MODY patients. In this study, we report the clinical course of a Thai woman with young-onset diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia as a predominant feature due to HNF1B deletion as part of the 17q12 deletion syndrome. Our findings and others suggest that hypertriglyceridemia should be considered a syndromic feature of HNF1B-MODY. Our case also highlights the need to use sequencing with dosage analyses to detect point mutations and copy number variations to avoid missing a whole deletion of HNF1B.

Learning points

  • Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5) may be caused by heterozygous point mutations or whole gene deletion of HNF1B. Recent studies revealed that complete deletion of the HNF1B gene may be part of the 17q12 deletion syndrome with multi-system involvement.

  • The length of the deletion can contribute to the phenotypic variability in patients with HNF1B-MODY due to whole gene deletion.

  • Using next-generation sequencing alone to diagnose MODY could miss a whole gene deletion or copy number variations. Specialized detection methods such as microarray analysis or low-pass whole genome sequencing are required to accurately diagnose HNF1B-MODY as a component of the 17q12 deletion syndrome.

  • Molecular diagnosis is necessary to distinguish other acquired cystic kidney diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes which could phenocopy HNF1B-MODY.

  • Hypertriglyceridemia is a possible metabolic feature in patients with HNF1B-MODY due to 17q12 deletion syndrome.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-22-0297
Volume 2022: Issue 1