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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (115)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (115)
      • Adrenal (64)
      • Bone (1)
      • Hypothalamus (5)
      • Kidney (1)
      • Liver (1)
      • Ovaries (4)
      • Pancreas (5)
      • Parathyroid (1)
      • Pineal (1)
      • Pituitary (55)
      • Skin (2)
      • Testes (3)
      • Thymus (1)
      • Thyroid (13)
    • Open Section Topic (114)
      • Adrenal (58)
      • Andrology (1)
      • Autoimmunity (1)
      • Bone (1)
      • Diabetes (2)
      • Emergency (1)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (3)
      • Genetics and mutation (1)
      • Immunology (1)
      • Neuroendocrinology (4)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (1)
      • Pituitary (41)
      • Thyroid (7)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (1)
    • Open Section Hormone (115)
      • 17OHP (5)
      • ACTH (65)
      • Adrenaline (1)
      • Aldosterone (15)
      • Androgens (5)
      • Androstenedione (6)
      • Androsterone (1)
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (4)
      • Atrial natriuretic hormone (1)
      • AVP (1)
      • Brain natriuretic peptide (1)
      • Calcitonin (1)
      • Corticosterone (1)
      • Cortisol (115)
      • Cortisone (1)
      • CRH (1)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (2)
      • Deoxycorticosterone (2)
      • Deoxycortisol (2)
      • DHEA (6)
      • FSH (27)
      • Gastrin (1)
      • GH (14)
      • Glucocorticoids (16)
      • Gonadotropins (3)
      • Hydroxypregnenolone (2)
      • IGF1 (19)
      • IGF2 (1)
      • Inhibin (1)
      • Insulin (13)
      • LH (30)
      • Metanephrines (5)
      • Mineralocorticoids (4)
      • Noradrenaline (1)
      • Normetanephrine (3)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (9)
      • Pregnenolone (2)
      • Progesterone (5)
      • Prolactin (26)
      • PTH (3)
      • Renin (12)
      • Somatostatin (1)
      • Testosterone (23)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (33)
      • TRH (4)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (12)
      • TSH (34)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (114)
      • 17-alpha hydroxylase/17,20 lyase deficiency (1)
      • Abscess (2)
      • Acromegaly (2)
      • Addisonian crisis (2)
      • Addison's disease (9)
      • Adenocarcinoma (1)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (30)
      • Adrenal salt-wasting crisis (2)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (9)
      • Adrenocortical carcinoma (3)
      • Adrenoleukodystrophy (1)
      • AIP gene variant (1)
      • Amyloidosis (1)
      • Anaemia (1)
      • Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (1)
      • Asthma (2)
      • Autoimmune disorders (6)
      • Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 1 (1)
      • Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 2 (1)
      • Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (2)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (8)
      • Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (3)
      • Carney complex (1)
      • Cerebrospinal fluid leakage (1)
      • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (7)
      • Congenital hypothyroidism (1)
      • Conn's syndrome (1)
      • Corticotrophic adenoma (3)
      • Craniopharyngioma (2)
      • Cryptorchidism (1)
      • Cushing's disease (6)
      • Cushing's syndrome (30)
      • Diabetes insipidus - gestational (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (15)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (4)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (8)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (3)
      • Diverticular disease (1)
      • Ectopic ACTH syndrome (2)
      • Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (5)
      • Empty sella syndrome (1)
      • Goitre (1)
      • Gonadal dysgenesis (2)
      • Graves' disease (1)
      • Gynaecomastia (3)
      • Haemorrhage (1)
      • Hashimoto’s disease (2)
      • Hyperaldosteronism (4)
      • Hyperandrogenism (1)
      • Hypercalcaemia (4)
      • Hyperglycaemia (8)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (3)
      • Hyperkalaemia (5)
      • Hypernatraemia (3)
      • Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (2)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (primary) (2)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (4)
      • Hypertension (8)
      • Hyperthyroidism (3)
      • Hypocalcaemia (1)
      • Hypoglycaemia (1)
      • Hypogonadism (8)
      • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (6)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (1)
      • Hypokalaemia (11)
      • Hyponatraemia (10)
      • Hypophysitis (9)
      • Hypopituitarism (19)
      • Hypothyroidism (18)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (6)
      • Idiopathic pituitary hyperplasia (3)
      • IgG4–related systemic disease (3)
      • Incidentaloma (2)
      • Insulin resistance (1)
      • Klinefelter syndrome (2)
      • Lipomatosis (1)
      • Liver failure (2)
      • Lymphadenopathy (3)
      • Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (3)
      • Macronodular hyperplasia (2)
      • Macroprolactinoma (1)
      • Medullary thyroid cancer (1)
      • MEN1 (1)
      • Meningitis (1)
      • Metabolic acidosis (3)
      • Metastatic carcinoma (1)
      • Metastatic melanoma (3)
      • Metastatic tumour (1)
      • Microadenoma (3)
      • Myelodysplastic syndrome (1)
      • Myelolipoma (1)
      • Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (1)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (8)
      • Neurofibromatosis (1)
      • Nodular hyperplasia (2)
      • Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (1)
      • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1)
      • Noonan syndrome (1)
      • Obesity (1)
      • Osteoporosis (1)
      • Ovarian cancer (3)
      • Panhypopituitarism (7)
      • Paraneoplastic syndromes (1)
      • Parathyroid adenoma (1)
      • PCOS (3)
      • Phaeochromocytoma (5)
      • Pituitary abscess (3)
      • Pituitary adenoma (12)
      • Pituitary apoplexy (2)
      • Pituitary cyst (2)
      • Pituitary haemorrhage (2)
      • Pituitary hyperplasia (4)
      • Pituitary tumour (malignant) (3)
      • Plurihormonal pituitary adenoma (2)
      • Pneumonia (2)
      • Premature ovarian failure (3)
      • Puberty (precocious) (2)
      • Quadrantanopia (1)
      • Rhabdomyolysis (2)
      • Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
      • Sexual development disorders (4)
      • Sheehan's syndrome (1)
      • SIADH (2)
      • Small-cell carcinoma (1)
      • Solitary sellar plasmacytoma (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (2)
      • Thyroiditis (1)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (1)
      • Traumatic brain injury (1)
      • Tuberculosis (2)
      • Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (115)
    • Open Section Age (114)
      • Adolescent/young adult (17)
      • Adult (83)
      • Geriatric (3)
      • Neonatal (3)
      • Paediatric (9)
      • Pregnant adult (3)
    • Open Section Gender (115)
      • Female (66)
      • Male (53)
    • Open Section Ethnicity (115)
      • Asian - Bangladeshi (2)
      • Asian - Chinese (7)
      • Asian - Indian (3)
      • Asian - Japanese (9)
      • Asian - Korean (1)
      • Asian - other (3)
      • Black - African (3)
      • Black - Caribbean (1)
      • Black - other (2)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Central American or South American (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano (3)
      • Hispanic or Latino - other (1)
      • Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander (1)
      • White (79)
      • Other (4)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (111)
      • Argentina (3)
      • Australia (15)
      • Austria (1)
      • Bangladesh (2)
      • Belgium (3)
      • Canada (3)
      • Denmark (1)
      • Finland (1)
      • France (1)
      • Germany (3)
      • Greece (2)
      • Ireland (2)
      • Israel (2)
      • Italy (5)
      • Japan (8)
      • Lebanon (1)
      • Mexico (2)
      • Netherlands (1)
      • New Zealand (2)
      • Norway (1)
      • Peru (1)
      • Portugal (6)
      • Singapore (1)
      • Spain (1)
      • Switzerland (4)
      • Taiwan, Province of China (2)
      • Tunisia (1)
      • United Arab Emirates (1)
      • United Kingdom (18)
      • United States (19)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (115)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (111)
      • Abdominal adiposity (2)
      • Abdominal distension (1)
      • Abdominal discomfort (1)
      • Abdominal pain (11)
      • Abnormal posture (1)
      • Acanthosis nigricans (1)
      • Accelerated growth (1)
      • Acne (3)
      • Adverse breast development (1)
      • Agitation (2)
      • Alopecia (4)
      • Altered level of consciousness (1)
      • Ambiguous genitalia (2)
      • Amenorrhoea (17)
      • Amnesia (2)
      • Anaemia (6)
      • Anhedonia (1)
      • Anisocoria (1)
      • Anorexia (7)
      • Anxiety (1)
      • Aphasia (1)
      • Appetite increase (2)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (3)
      • Arteriosclerosis (1)
      • Arthralgia (4)
      • Ascites (1)
      • Asthenia (5)
      • Ataxia (1)
      • Atrial fibrillation (2)
      • Atrophy (1)
      • Babinski's sign (1)
      • Back pain (4)
      • Bacteraemia (1)
      • Behavioural problems (1)
      • Bitemporal hemianopsia (1)
      • Bloating (1)
      • Bone fracture(s) (2)
      • Bony metastases (1)
      • Bowel movements - bleeding (1)
      • Bowel perforation (1)
      • Brachydactyly (1)
      • Bradycardia (2)
      • Breathing difficulties (1)
      • Buffalo hump (5)
      • Cardiac malformations (1)
      • Cardiac tamponade (1)
      • Central obesity (4)
      • Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (1)
      • Chemosis (1)
      • Chest pain (3)
      • Chest pain (pleuritic) (1)
      • Cholestasis (1)
      • Clitoromegaly (1)
      • Cognitive problems (2)
      • Cold intolerance (3)
      • Collapse (2)
      • Coma (1)
      • Concentration difficulties (2)
      • Confusion (5)
      • Constipation (3)
      • Coughing (3)
      • Crackles (1)
      • Cryptorchidism (1)
      • Cutaneous pigmentation (2)
      • Deep vein thrombosis (1)
      • Dehydration (5)
      • Delayed puberty (1)
      • Delirium (3)
      • Depression (3)
      • Diabetes insipidus (10)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (5)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (10)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (2)
      • Diarrhoea (7)
      • Diplopia (3)
      • Dizziness (6)
      • Dyslipidaemia (3)
      • Dyspepsia (1)
      • Dysphagia (1)
      • Dyspnoea (8)
      • Ears - low set (1)
      • Ecchymoses (5)
      • Eosinophilia (1)
      • Epistaxis (1)
      • Erectile dysfunction (3)
      • Face - change in appearance (1)
      • Face - coarse features (2)
      • Facial fullness (4)
      • Facial palsy (1)
      • Facial plethora (8)
      • Facial weakness (1)
      • Facies - abnormal (3)
      • Facies - moon (10)
      • Faecal incontinence (1)
      • Fatigue (43)
      • Feet - increased size (1)
      • Flushing (1)
      • Gait abnormality (1)
      • Galactorrhoea (3)
      • Gestational diabetes (1)
      • Goitre (5)
      • Growth retardation (1)
      • Gynaecomastia (7)
      • Haematoma (6)
      • Haematuria (1)
      • Haemoptysis (3)
      • Hands - enlargement (2)
      • Head - large (1)
      • Headache (28)
      • Heart failure (2)
      • Heart murmur (1)
      • Hemianopia (6)
      • Hepatic metastases (1)
      • Hirsutism (11)
      • Hot flushes (1)
      • Hyperactivity (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (1)
      • Hypercalcaemia (3)
      • Hypercholesterolaemia (2)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (21)
      • Hyperglycaemia (15)
      • Hyperhidrosis (1)
      • Hyperhomocysteinaemia (1)
      • Hyperkalaemia (6)
      • Hypernatraemia (4)
      • Hyperpigmentation (16)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (3)
      • Hypersalivation (1)
      • Hypertension (28)
      • Hyperthyroidism (2)
      • Hypertrichosis (1)
      • Hyperventilation (1)
      • Hypoadrenalism (6)
      • Hypoalbuminaemia (1)
      • Hypoglycaemia (3)
      • Hypogonadism (22)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (1)
      • Hypokalaemia (19)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (2)
      • Hyponatraemia (18)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (1)
      • Hypopituitarism (18)
      • Hypoprolactinaemia (1)
      • Hyporeflexia (2)
      • Hypospadias (1)
      • Hypotension (22)
      • Hypothermia (1)
      • Hypothyroidism (23)
      • Hypotonia (1)
      • Hypoxia (2)
      • Insomnia (1)
      • Insulin resistance (1)
      • Irritability (1)
      • Ischaemia (1)
      • Kyphoscoliosis (2)
      • Leg pain (2)
      • Leukocytosis (5)
      • Libido reduction/loss (5)
      • Liver masses (1)
      • Lymphadenitis (3)
      • Malaise (3)
      • Mastalgia (1)
      • Metabolic acidosis (2)
      • Metabolic alkalosis (6)
      • Micropenis (1)
      • Miscarriage (1)
      • Muscle atrophy (7)
      • Myalgia (3)
      • Myasthaenia (16)
      • Mydriasis (1)
      • Myeloma (1)
      • Myopathy (2)
      • Myopia (1)
      • Myxoedema (1)
      • Nail dystrophy (1)
      • Nausea (18)
      • Neck - loose skin (nape) (1)
      • Neck - short (1)
      • Neck mass (1)
      • Neck pain/discomfort (2)
      • Necrosis (1)
      • Nephropathy (1)
      • Neurofibromas (1)
      • Nocturia (5)
      • Normochromic normocytic anaemia (2)
      • Obesity (14)
      • Oedema (8)
      • Oligomenorrhoea (1)
      • Oliguria (2)
      • Optic atrophy (1)
      • Orthostatic hypotension (1)
      • Osteopenia (2)
      • Osteoporosis (2)
      • Pallor (2)
      • Palpitations (1)
      • Papilloedema (1)
      • Paraesthesia (2)
      • Paralysis (1)
      • Paranoia (1)
      • Pericardial effusion (1)
      • Peripheral oedema (4)
      • Photosensitivity (1)
      • Pneumonia (3)
      • Polydipsia (17)
      • Polyuria (17)
      • Prognathism (1)
      • Proteinuria (1)
      • Psychosis (2)
      • Ptosis (4)
      • Puberty (early/precocious) (2)
      • Pyrexia (13)
      • Rash (2)
      • Rectorrhagia (1)
      • Renal failure (5)
      • Renal insufficiency (2)
      • Respiratory failure (2)
      • Rhabdomyolysis (2)
      • Salt craving (1)
      • Salt wasting (3)
      • Sarcoidosis (1)
      • Seizures (3)
      • Sepsis (1)
      • Short stature (2)
      • Sixth nerve palsy (3)
      • Skin pigmentation - spotty (1)
      • Skin thinning (1)
      • Sleep difficulties (1)
      • Sleep disturbance (1)
      • Sleep hyperhidrosis (1)
      • Social difficulties (1)
      • Soft tissue swelling (1)
      • Somnolence (1)
      • Spastic paraplegia (1)
      • Spasticity (1)
      • Splenomegaly (2)
      • Sputum production (1)
      • Striae (12)
      • Supraclavicular fat pads (5)
      • Syncope (1)
      • Tachycardia (5)
      • Tachypnoea (1)
      • Teeth gapping (1)
      • Telangiectasias (1)
      • T-reflex (depressed) (2)
      • Thrombocytopenia (5)
      • Thrombophilia (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (2)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (1)
      • Tinnitus (3)
      • Tremulousness (2)
      • Urinary frequency (2)
      • Urinary incontinence (1)
      • Ventricular hypertrophy (2)
      • Vertigo (2)
      • Virilisation (abnormal) (2)
      • Vision - acuity reduction (2)
      • Vision - blurred (4)
      • Visual disturbance (7)
      • Visual field defect (5)
      • Visual impairment (3)
      • Vitiligo (1)
      • Vomiting (18)
      • Weight gain (23)
      • Weight loss (14)
    • Open Section Investigation (115)
      • 17OHP (5)
      • 17-hydroxypregnenolone (urine) (1)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (2)
      • Aberrant adrenal receptors (2)
      • Acid-base balance (1)
      • ACTH (68)
      • ACTH stimulation (37)
      • Adrenal antibodies (8)
      • Adrenal function (2)
      • Adrenal scintigraphy (4)
      • Adrenal venous sampling (7)
      • Adrenaline (1)
      • Alanine aminotransferase (3)
      • Albumin (3)
      • Albumin to creatinine ratio (1)
      • Aldosterone (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Aldosterone (blood) (6)
      • Aldosterone (plasma) (4)
      • Aldosterone (serum) (4)
      • Aldosterone to renin ratio (4)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (6)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (1)
      • Ammonia (1)
      • Androstenedione (7)
      • Angiography (2)
      • Anion gap (1)
      • Antinuclear antibody (1)
      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (1)
      • Bicarbonate (8)
      • Bilirubin (2)
      • Biopsy (9)
      • Blood pressure (19)
      • BMI (7)
      • Body fat mass (1)
      • Bone age (3)
      • Bone biopsy (1)
      • Bone mineral density (2)
      • Brain natriuretic peptide (1)
      • Calcitonin (2)
      • Calcium (serum) (5)
      • Calcium (urine) (1)
      • Carcinoembryonic antigen (1)
      • Catecholamines (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Catecholamines (plasma) (1)
      • Chloride (4)
      • Chromatography (2)
      • Chromogranin A (8)
      • Chromosomal analysis (3)
      • Core needle biopsy (1)
      • Corticosterone (1)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (4)
      • Cortisol (44)
      • Cortisol (9am) (21)
      • Cortisol (plasma) (8)
      • Cortisol (midnight) (4)
      • Cortisol (salivary) (4)
      • Cortisol (serum) (33)
      • Cortisol day curve (3)
      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (19)
      • C-peptide (24-hour urine) (1)
      • C-peptide (blood) (4)
      • C-reactive protein (10)
      • Creatinine (6)
      • Creatine kinase (3)
      • Creatinine (serum) (6)
      • CRH stimulation (5)
      • CTPA scan (3)
      • CT scan (55)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (4)
      • Deoxycorticosterone (2)
      • DEXA scan (1)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (18)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (high dose) (10)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (low dose) (11)
      • DHEA Sulphate (6)
      • Discectomy (1)
      • DNA sequencing (8)
      • Echocardiogram (5)
      • EEG (1)
      • Electrocardiogram (4)
      • Electrolytes (3)
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      • Endoscopy (2)
      • Enzyme immunoassay (1)
      • Epinephrine (plasma) (3)
      • Epinephrine (urine) (1)
      • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (2)
      • FBC (1)
      • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (4)
      • Fludrocortisone suppression (1)
      • Fluticasone-propionate-17-beta carboxylic acid (1)
      • FSH (28)
      • FT3 (14)
      • FT4 (33)
      • GADA (2)
      • Gallium scan (1)
      • Gastric biopsy (1)
      • Gastrin (2)
      • Genetic analysis (4)
      • GH (16)
      • GH day curve (1)
      • Glucose (blood) (12)
      • Glucose (blood, fasting) (8)
      • GNRH stimulation (2)
      • Gonadotrophins (3)
      • Haematoxylin and eosin staining (14)
      • Haemoglobin (10)
      • Haemoglobin A1c (13)
      • HCG (serum) (1)
      • HCG stimulation (1)
      • Heart rate (3)
      • Histopathology (42)
      • HLA genotyping (1)
      • HOMA (1)
      • Hydroxypregnenolone (1)
      • IGF1 (23)
      • IGF2 (1)
      • Immunocytochemistry (1)
      • Immunohistochemistry (22)
      • Immunoglobulins (2)
      • Immunoglobulin G4 (2)
      • Immunostaining (2)
      • Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (4)
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      • Lactate dehydrogenase (2)
      • Laparoscopy (1)
      • Laparotomy (1)
      • LDL cholesterol (2)
      • LH (30)
      • Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2)
      • Liver biopsy (1)
      • Liver function (1)
      • Lung function testing (1)
      • Macroprolactin (1)
      • Magnesium (2)
      • Mammogram (1)
      • Mantoux test (1)
      • Metanephrines (plasma) (5)
      • Metanephrines (urinary) (3)
      • MIBG scan (1)
      • Microarray analysis (1)
      • Molecular genetic analysis (14)
      • MRI (58)
      • Neuron-specific enolase (1)
      • Noradrenaline (2)
      • Norepinephrine (1)
      • Normetanephrine (4)
      • Octreotide scan (2)
      • Octreotide suppression test (1)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (8)
      • PET scan (15)
      • pH (blood) (4)
      • Phosphate (serum) (3)
      • Pituitary function (5)
      • Plasma osmolality (1)
      • Platelet count (4)
      • Polymerase Chain Reaction (1)
      • Potassium (30)
      • Pregnenolone (1)
      • Progesterone (5)
      • Proinsulin (1)
      • Prolactin (28)
      • Protein fingerprinting (1)
      • Protein folding analysis (1)
      • PTH (5)
      • Plasma renin activity (1)
      • Radionuclide imaging (1)
      • Respiratory status (2)
      • Renin (blood) (13)
      • Renin plasma activity (2)
      • Serum osmolality (8)
      • Sestamibi scan (1)
      • Sex hormone binding globulin (2)
      • Skeletal muscle mass (1)
      • Skin biopsy (1)
      • Sodium (30)
      • SPECT scan (1)
      • Surgical biopsy (2)
      • Synaptophysin (5)
      • Tanner scale (3)
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