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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (125)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (123)
      • Adipose tissue (4)
      • Adrenal (7)
      • Bone (6)
      • Duodenum (3)
      • Heart (2)
      • Kidney (10)
      • Liver (6)
      • Ovaries (2)
      • Pancreas (84)
      • Parathyroid (2)
      • Pituitary (10)
      • Skin (6)
      • Stomach (2)
      • Testes (1)
      • Thyroid (5)
    • Open Section Topic (122)
      • Adrenal (5)
      • Autoimmunity (2)
      • Bone (3)
      • Cardiovascular endocrinology (2)
      • Developmental endocrinology (1)
      • Diabetes (87)
      • Emergency (3)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (8)
      • Genetics and mutation (4)
      • Gynaecological endocrinology (2)
      • Immunology (1)
      • Neuroendocrinology (1)
      • Obesity (4)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (6)
      • Pituitary (5)
      • Thyroid (2)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (6)
      • Vitamin D (1)
    • Open Section Hormone (125)
      • ACTH (8)
      • Aldosterone (2)
      • Androgens (1)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (1)
      • AVP (1)
      • Calcitriol (1)
      • Cortisol (13)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (1)
      • Deoxycortisol (1)
      • Dihydrotestosterone (1)
      • FSH (4)
      • Gastrin (1)
      • GH (5)
      • GLP1 (2)
      • GLP2 (1)
      • Glucagon (5)
      • Glucocorticoids (3)
      • Gonadotropins (2)
      • IGF1 (7)
      • IGF2 (4)
      • Insulin (125)
      • Leptin (1)
      • LH (4)
      • Metanephrines (1)
      • Normetanephrine (1)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (1)
      • Oxyntomodulin (1)
      • Procalcitonin (1)
      • Prolactin (4)
      • Renin (1)
      • Somatostatin (2)
      • Testosterone (6)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (10)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (2)
      • TSH (11)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (124)
      • Abscess (2)
      • Acromegaly (2)
      • Adenocarcinoma (2)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (1)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (2)
      • Adrenocortical carcinoma (1)
      • Anaemia (3)
      • Autoimmune disorders (14)
      • Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (1)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (3)
      • Congenital hyperinsulinism (5)
      • Craniopharyngioma (1)
      • Cushing's disease (1)
      • Cushing's syndrome (5)
      • Diabetes - mitochondrial (1)
      • Diabetes insipidus - gestational (3)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (2)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (38)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (33)
      • Diabetic foot syndrome (5)
      • Diabetic hypoglycaemia (1)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (24)
      • Diabetic muscle infarction (2)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (4)
      • Down syndrome (2)
      • Fat necrosis (1)
      • Gastritis (1)
      • Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (1)
      • GCK mutation (1)
      • Gestational diabetes mellitus (4)
      • Glucagonoma (1)
      • Granuloma (2)
      • Graves' disease (1)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (adult) (2)
      • Hamman’s syndrome (1)
      • Hashimoto’s disease (2)
      • Huntington's disease (1)
      • Hyperaldosteronism (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (2)
      • Hypercalcaemia (1)
      • Hyperglycaemia (32)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (2)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (11)
      • Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (7)
      • Hyperkalaemia (5)
      • Hyperlipidaemia (1)
      • Hypernatraemia (5)
      • Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (4)
      • Hypertension (5)
      • Hyperthyroidism (4)
      • Hypocalcaemia (1)
      • Hypoglycaemia (33)
      • Hypoglycaemic coma (1)
      • Hypogonadism (3)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (2)
      • Hypokalaemia (8)
      • Hyponatraemia (5)
      • Hypophysitis (1)
      • Hypopituitarism (1)
      • Hypothyroidism (8)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (7)
      • Insulin autoimmune syndrome (5)
      • Insulin resistance (9)
      • Insulinoma (7)
      • Intrauterine growth retardation (1)
      • Ischaemic heart disease (1)
      • Ketoacidosis (1)
      • Leg ulcer (2)
      • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) (2)
      • Lipodystrophy (1)
      • Liver failure (2)
      • Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) (1)
      • McKittrick-Wheelock Syndrome (1)
      • MEN1 (2)
      • Metabolic acidosis (7)
      • Metastatic carcinoma (2)
      • Metastatic melanoma (3)
      • Metastatic tumour (1)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myositis (1)
      • Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (1)
      • Neonatal diabetes (4)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (8)
      • Non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia (3)
      • Obesity (2)
      • Osteomyelitis (1)
      • Osteoporosis (1)
      • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (3)
      • Pancreatitis (4)
      • Panhypopituitarism (1)
      • PCOS (2)
      • Phaeochromocytoma (2)
      • Pituitary adenoma (7)
      • Pituitary cyst (1)
      • Pituitary haemorrhage (1)
      • Pneumonia (2)
      • Post-prandial hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Pregnancy (2)
      • Rhabdomyolysis (1)
      • Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
      • Systemic lupus erythematosus (1)
      • Thyroiditis (6)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (1)
      • Tuberculosis (1)
      • Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (125)
    • Open Section Age (125)
      • Adolescent/young adult (16)
      • Adult (83)
      • Geriatric (10)
      • Neonatal (6)
      • Paediatric (10)
      • Pregnant adult (5)
    • Open Section Gender (124)
      • Female (68)
      • Male (64)
    • Open Section Ethnicity (125)
      • Asian - Bangladeshi (1)
      • Asian - Chinese (5)
      • Asian - Filipino (1)
      • Asian - Indian (4)
      • Asian - Japanese (13)
      • Asian - Korean (1)
      • Asian - Pakistani (2)
      • Asian - Vietnamese (1)
      • Asian - other (6)
      • Black - African (4)
      • Black - other (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Central American or South American (3)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Puerto Rican (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - other (2)
      • White (81)
      • Other (3)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (122)
      • Australia (11)
      • Brazil (3)
      • Canada (1)
      • Colombia (1)
      • Denmark (1)
      • France (1)
      • Germany (3)
      • Greece (2)
      • Hong Kong (1)
      • India (2)
      • Ireland (10)
      • Israel (1)
      • Italy (8)
      • Japan (13)
      • Korea, Republic of (1)
      • Mexico (1)
      • Morocco (1)
      • Netherlands (1)
      • New Zealand (1)
      • Peru (1)
      • Poland (1)
      • Portugal (2)
      • Puerto Rico (1)
      • Russian Federation (1)
      • Saudi Arabia (1)
      • Singapore (1)
      • Spain (4)
      • Sweden (1)
      • Switzerland (2)
      • Taiwan, Province of China (2)
      • United Arab Emirates (1)
      • United Kingdom (27)
      • United States (13)
      • Venezuela (1)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (125)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (124)
      • Abdominal adiposity (1)
      • Abdominal guarding (1)
      • Abdominal lump (2)
      • Abdominal pain (15)
      • Abdominal tenderness (3)
      • Acalculia (1)
      • Acanthosis nigricans (7)
      • Acne (3)
      • Acrochorda (2)
      • Aggression (1)
      • Agitation (2)
      • Albuminuria (1)
      • Alopecia (3)
      • Altered level of consciousness (6)
      • Amenorrhoea (4)
      • Amnesia (2)
      • Anaemia (7)
      • Anorexia (3)
      • Anovulation (1)
      • Anuria (1)
      • Anxiety (3)
      • Aphasia (1)
      • Appetite increase (1)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (8)
      • Arteriosclerosis (1)
      • Arthralgia (2)
      • Ascites (2)
      • Asthenia (3)
      • Ataxia (1)
      • Autonomic neuropathy (1)
      • Back pain (4)
      • Bacteraemia (1)
      • Behavioural problems (1)
      • Bloating (2)
      • Bone fracture(s) (1)
      • Bowel obstruction (1)
      • Cardiac malformations (2)
      • Cardiomegaly (2)
      • Carpal tunnel syndrome (1)
      • Central obesity (2)
      • Chemosis (1)
      • Chest pain (2)
      • Chest pain (pleuritic) (1)
      • Chills (2)
      • Chronic pain (2)
      • Cirrhosis (2)
      • Clitoromegaly (1)
      • Coeliac disease (1)
      • Cognitive problems (2)
      • Cold intolerance (1)
      • Coma (3)
      • Concentration difficulties (2)
      • Confusion (8)
      • Constipation (2)
      • Coordination difficulties (1)
      • Coughing (3)
      • Crackles (1)
      • Cramps (1)
      • Craniofacial abnormalities (1)
      • Deafness (1)
      • Dehydration (7)
      • Delirium (1)
      • Depression (1)
      • Diabetes insipidus (2)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (31)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (23)
      • Diabetic neuropathy (2)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (4)
      • Diabetic foot neuropathy (1)
      • Diabetic foot ulceration (6)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (22)
      • Diarrhoea (6)
      • Diplopia (2)
      • Dizziness (8)
      • Dysarthria (1)
      • Dyslipidaemia (2)
      • Dysphagia (1)
      • Dyspnoea (5)
      • Ears - pinna abnormalities (1)
      • Ecchymoses (1)
      • Ectopic ureter (1)
      • Erectile dysfunction (2)
      • Erythema (4)
      • Eyelid swelling (1)
      • Eyes - redness (1)
      • Facial fullness (1)
      • Facial palsy (1)
      • Facial plethora (1)
      • Facies - abnormal (4)
      • Facies - moon (2)
      • Failure to thrive (1)
      • Fatigue (25)
      • Feet - cold (1)
      • Feet - increased size (2)
      • Feet - pain (1)
      • Fungating lesion (1)
      • Gait abnormality (2)
      • Gestational diabetes (3)
      • Glucose intolerance (1)
      • Glucosuria (10)
      • Goitre (1)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (1)
      • Haematoma (1)
      • Haematuria (3)
      • Haemoptysis (1)
      • Hands - enlargement (1)
      • Headache (11)
      • Heart murmur (2)
      • Hemianopia (1)
      • Hemiparesis (1)
      • Hepatic metastases (1)
      • Hepatomegaly (4)
      • Hirsutism (7)
      • Hyperactivity (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (3)
      • Hypercalcaemia (3)
      • Hypercholesterolaemia (1)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (5)
      • Hyperglucagonaemia (1)
      • Hyperglycaemia (40)
      • Hyperhidrosis (6)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (18)
      • Hyperkalaemia (5)
      • Hypernatraemia (6)
      • Hyperpigmentation (2)
      • Hyperpnoea (2)
      • Hypertension (14)
      • Hyperthermia (1)
      • Hyperthyroidism (4)
      • Hypertrichosis (2)
      • Hypertrophy (1)
      • Hyperuricaemia (1)
      • Hyperventilation (4)
      • Hypoadrenalism (1)
      • Hypoalbuminaemia (1)
      • Hypoglycaemia (39)
      • Hypogonadism (5)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (3)
      • Hypokalaemia (9)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (1)
      • Hyponatraemia (6)
      • Hypophosphataemia (1)
      • Hypopituitarism (1)
      • Hyporeflexia (1)
      • Hypotension (4)
      • Hypothermia (1)
      • Hypothyroidism (7)
      • Hypovitaminosis D (1)
      • Hypovolaemia (1)
      • Hypoxia (2)
      • Infections (1)
      • Inflexibility (1)
      • Insulin resistance (8)
      • Irritability (1)
      • Jaundice (1)
      • Ketonuria (7)
      • Ketotic odour (1)
      • Kidney dysplasia (1)
      • Leg pain (7)
      • Leukocytosis (3)
      • Libido reduction/loss (2)
      • Liver masses (2)
      • Lymphadenitis (3)
      • Macroglossia (1)
      • Malaise (4)
      • Metabolic acidosis (11)
      • Metabolic alkalosis (1)
      • Microalbuminuria (2)
      • Muscle atrophy (3)
      • Myalgia (5)
      • Myasthaenia (17)
      • Myocardial infarction (2)
      • Myopathy (2)
      • Nasal obstruction (1)
      • Nausea (14)
      • Neck mass (1)
      • Neck pain/discomfort (1)
      • Necrolytic migratory erythema (1)
      • Nephropathy (1)
      • Nocturia (4)
      • Normochromic normocytic anaemia (1)
      • Nystagmus (1)
      • Obesity (10)
      • Obstructive sleep apnoea (1)
      • Oedema (8)
      • Ophthalmoplegia (1)
      • Osteoporosis (1)
      • Ovarian cysts (1)
      • Palpitations (2)
      • Pancreatitis (4)
      • Pancytopaenia (1)
      • Paraesthesia (4)
      • Pelvic mass (1)
      • Pericardial effusion (1)
      • Peripheral oedema (4)
      • Pleurisy (1)
      • Pneumonia (1)
      • Polydipsia (30)
      • Polyphagia (1)
      • Polyuria (27)
      • Premature birth (2)
      • Pretibial myxoedema (1)
      • Prognathism (1)
      • Proptosis (1)
      • Proteinuria (5)
      • Psoriatic arthritis (1)
      • Psychomotor retardation (2)
      • Psychosis (1)
      • Ptosis (3)
      • Puberty (early/precocious) (1)
      • Pyrexia (10)
      • Rash (3)
      • Reluctance to weight-bear (1)
      • Renal cyst (1)
      • Renal failure (2)
      • Renal insufficiency (3)
      • Respiratory failure (2)
      • Retinopathy (4)
      • Scoliosis (2)
      • Seizures (5)
      • Sepsis (2)
      • Short stature (1)
      • Skeletal deformity (1)
      • Skin necrosis (1)
      • Sleep disturbance (1)
      • Slow growth (2)
      • Slurred speech (2)
      • Soft tissue swelling (1)
      • Somnolence (7)
      • Speech delay (1)
      • Splenomegaly (2)
      • Striae (3)
      • Supraclavicular fat pads (1)
      • Sweating (5)
      • Syncope (6)
      • Tachycardia (11)
      • Tachypnoea (4)
      • Teeth gapping (1)
      • T-reflex (absent) (1)
      • T-reflex (depressed) (2)
      • Thrombocytopenia (4)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (1)
      • Tremulousness (5)
      • Umbilical hernia (1)
      • Vaginal dryness (1)
      • Vaginal pain/tenderness (1)
      • Ventricular hypertrophy (1)
      • Vertigo (1)
      • Vision - blurred (8)
      • Visual field defect (1)
      • Vitiligo (1)
      • Vomiting (20)
      • Weight gain (12)
      • Weight loss (27)
      • Xeroderma (2)
    • Open Section Investigation (125)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (1)
      • Aberrant adrenal receptors (1)
      • Acid-base balance (3)
      • ACTH (8)
      • ACTH stimulation (4)
      • Adiponectin (1)
      • Adrenal function (1)
      • AFP tumour marker (1)
      • Alanine aminotransferase (6)
      • Albumin (7)
      • Albumin to creatinine ratio (3)
      • Aldosterone (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Aldosterone (blood) (2)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (3)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (1)
      • Ammonia (1)
      • Amylase (2)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Angiography (4)
      • Anion gap (11)
      • Anti-insulin antibodies (10)
      • Anti-islet cell antibody (4)
      • Antinuclear antibody (5)
      • Anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (2)
      • Basal insulin (1)
      • Base excess (2)
      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (16)
      • Bicarbonate (25)
      • Bilirubin (4)
      • Biopsy (9)
      • Blood film (3)
      • Blood pressure (6)
      • BMI (15)
      • Body fat mass (1)
      • Bone biopsy (2)
      • Bone mineral density (1)
      • Bound insulin (1)
      • Brain natriuretic peptide (2)
      • Calcitriol (1)
      • Calcium (serum) (5)
      • Calcium (urine) (1)
      • Catecholamines (plasma) (1)
      • CD-56 (2)
      • Chest auscultation (1)
      • Chloride (9)
      • Chromogranin A (5)
      • Chromosomal analysis (2)
      • Colonoscopy (1)
      • Continuous glucose monitoring (3)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (1)
      • Cortisol (7)
      • Cortisol (9am) (6)
      • Cortisol (plasma) (3)
      • Cortisol (midnight) (1)
      • Cortisol (salivary) (3)
      • Cortisol (serum) (6)
      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (5)
      • C-peptide (24-hour urine) (5)
      • C-peptide (blood) (48)
      • C-reactive protein (14)
      • Creatinine (5)
      • Creatine kinase (6)
      • Creatinine (serum) (17)
      • CTPA scan (1)
      • CT scan (35)
      • Cytokines (1)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (1)
      • DEXA scan (3)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (5)
      • DNA sequencing (3)
      • Echocardiogram (4)
      • Electrocardiogram (6)
      • Electrolytes (2)
      • Electromyography (2)
      • Endoscopic ultrasound (3)
      • Endoscopy (1)
      • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (2)
      • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (8)
      • Exercise tolerance (2)
      • FBC (4)
      • Ferritin (1)
      • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (3)
      • Flow cytometry (1)
      • Folate (1)
      • FSH (5)
      • FT3 (2)
      • FT4 (8)
      • GADA (17)
      • Gastrin (3)
      • Genetic analysis (6)
      • GH (6)
      • GLP-1 (1)
      • GLP-2 (1)
      • Glucagon (2)
      • Glucose suppression test (1)
      • Glucose (blood) (72)
      • Glucose (blood, fasting) (29)
      • Glucose (blood, postprandial) (5)
      • Glucose (urine) (6)
      • Glucose tolerance (2)
      • Glucose tolerance (intravenous) (1)
      • Glucose tolerance (oral) (9)
      • Gonadotrophins (1)
      • Gut hormones (fasting) (1)
      • Haematoxylin and eosin staining (6)
      • Haemoglobin (11)
      • Haemoglobin A1c (60)
      • HDL cholesterol (2)
      • Heart rate (1)
      • Histopathology (20)
      • HLA genotyping (8)
      • HOMA (4)
      • Hydroxyprogesterone (1)
      • Hydroxypregnenolone (1)
      • IGF1 (9)
      • IGF2 (3)
      • Immunohistochemistry (11)
      • Immunoglobulins (1)
      • Immunoglobulin G4 (1)
      • Immunoglobulin A (3)
      • Immunostaining (1)
      • Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (1)
      • Insulin (39)
      • Insulin (fasting) (3)
      • Insulin tolerance (1)
      • Ketones (plasma) (12)
      • Ketones (urine) (6)
      • Kidney function (2)
      • Lactate (9)
      • Lactate dehydrogenase (3)
      • LDL cholesterol (3)
      • Leukocyte esterase (urine) (1)
      • LH (5)
      • Lipase (serum) (3)
      • Lipid profile (1)
      • Liver biopsy (3)
      • Liver function (7)
      • Magnesium (3)
      • Metanephrines (plasma) (1)
      • Microarray analysis (1)
      • Molecular genetic analysis (14)
      • MRI (31)
      • Nerve conduction study (2)
      • Normetanephrine (1)
      • Octreotide scan (5)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (1)
      • Osmolality (3)
      • Pancreatic polypeptide (1)
      • PET scan (7)
      • pH (blood) (14)
      • Phosphate (serum) (2)
      • Pituitary function (1)
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      • Platelet count (8)
      • Potassium (19)
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      • Proinsulin (7)
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      • Renal biopsy (2)
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      • Skeletal muscle mass (1)
      • Skin biopsy (3)
      • Sodium (16)
      • Somatostatin (1)
      • SPECT scan (5)
      • Supervised 72-hour fast (1)
      • Synaptophysin (3)
      • Tanner scale (1)
      • Testosterone (7)
      • Thyroid antibodies (7)
      • Thyroid function (4)
      • Thyroid scintigraphy (2)
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      • Total cholesterol (3)
      • Total T3 (1)
      • Total T4 (2)
      • Trabecular thickness (1)
      • Transaminase (4)
      • Transvaginal ultrasound (1)
      • Triglycerides (7)
      • Troponin (2)
      • TSH (10)
      • TSH receptor antibodies (1)
      • Ultrasound-guided biopsy (3)
      • Ultrasound scan (15)
      • Urea and electrolytes (13)
      • Uric acid (blood) (1)
      • Urinalysis (12)
      • Urinary free cortisol (1)
      • Urine osmolality (1)
      • Vitamin B12 (2)
      • Vitamin D (4)
      • Waist circumference (2)
      • Weight (9)
      • White blood cell count (15)
      • White blood cell differential count (2)
      • X-ray (10)
      • Zinc (1)
    • Open Section Intervention (80)
      • Abscess drainage (1)
      • Adrenalectomy (3)
      • Amputation (3)
      • Analgesics (3)
      • Angioplasty (2)
      • Bariatric surgery (3)
      • Blood transfusion (1)
      • Caesarean section (2)
      • Chemoembolisation (1)
      • Chemotherapy (4)
      • Counselling (1)
      • Debridement (2)
      • Dialysis (3)
      • Diazoxide (1)
      • Diet (26)
      • Ethanol ablation (1)
      • Exercise (1)
      • Fluid repletion (23)
      • Hypophysectomy (1)
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