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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (154)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (154)
      • Adipose tissue (2)
      • Adrenal (41)
      • Bone (13)
      • Duodenum (3)
      • Heart (2)
      • Hypothalamus (2)
      • Kidney (5)
      • Liver (6)
      • Ovaries (5)
      • Pancreas (16)
      • Parathyroid (14)
      • Pineal (1)
      • Pituitary (46)
      • Skin (1)
      • Stomach (1)
      • Testes (2)
      • Thymus (3)
      • Thyroid (31)
    • Open Section Topic (151)
      • Adrenal (34)
      • Andrology (2)
      • Bone (10)
      • Cardiovascular endocrinology (3)
      • Developmental endocrinology (1)
      • Diabetes (11)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (11)
      • Genetics and mutation (3)
      • Gynaecological endocrinology (2)
      • Neuroendocrinology (6)
      • Obesity (3)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (2)
      • Pituitary (36)
      • Thyroid (29)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (11)
      • Vitamin D (1)
    • Open Section Hormone (143)
      • 17OHP (5)
      • ACTH (33)
      • Adrenaline (5)
      • Aldosterone (7)
      • Androstenedione (4)
      • Androsterone (1)
      • Calcitonin (6)
      • Corticosterone (1)
      • Cortisol (42)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (2)
      • Deoxycorticosterone (1)
      • Deoxycortisol (1)
      • DHEA (1)
      • Dihydrotestosterone (1)
      • Dopamine (2)
      • FGF23 (3)
      • FSH (23)
      • Gastrin (3)
      • GH (16)
      • GHRH (2)
      • GLP1 (3)
      • GLP2 (2)
      • Glucagon (3)
      • Glucocorticoids (4)
      • Gonadotropins (4)
      • HCG (2)
      • IGF1 (18)
      • IGF2 (2)
      • Inhibin (2)
      • Insulin (20)
      • Leptin (1)
      • LH (24)
      • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (1)
      • Metanephrines (9)
      • Mineralocorticoids (1)
      • Noradrenaline (6)
      • Normetanephrine (8)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (6)
      • Oestrogens (2)
      • Oxyntomodulin (1)
      • Pregnenolone (1)
      • Progesterone (3)
      • Prolactin (30)
      • PTH (16)
      • Renin (3)
      • Somatostatin (5)
      • Testosterone (19)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (40)
      • TRH (1)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (19)
      • TSH (40)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (154)
      • 17-alpha hydroxylase/17,20 lyase deficiency (1)
      • Abscess (1)
      • Acromegaly (9)
      • Addison's disease (2)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (5)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (5)
      • Adrenocortical carcinoma (4)
      • Amenorrhoea (secondary) (1)
      • Amyloidosis (1)
      • Anaplastic thyroid cancer (4)
      • Anaemia (2)
      • Autoimmune disorders (1)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (1)
      • Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (1)
      • Breast cancer (2)
      • Brown tumour (3)
      • Catecholamine secreting carotid body paraganglionoma (1)
      • Carney complex (1)
      • Carotid body paraganglioma (1)
      • C-cell hyperplasia (1)
      • Cerebrospinal fluid leakage (1)
      • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (4)
      • Congenital hyperinsulinism (1)
      • Conn's syndrome (2)
      • Corticotrophic adenoma (2)
      • Craniopharyngioma (2)
      • Cushing's disease (4)
      • Cushing's syndrome (16)
      • Developmental abnormalities (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (10)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (6)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (9)
      • Diabetic foot syndrome (2)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (1)
      • Diabetic muscle infarction (1)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (1)
      • Ectopic ACTH syndrome (3)
      • Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (6)
      • Fat necrosis (1)
      • Follicular thyroid cancer (2)
      • Galactorrhoea (1)
      • Gastrinoma (1)
      • Gestational diabetes mellitus (1)
      • Gigantism (1)
      • Glucagonoma (1)
      • Goitre (1)
      • Goitre (multinodular) (4)
      • Gonadotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Granuloma (2)
      • Granulosa cell tumour (1)
      • Graves' disease (2)
      • Graves' ophthalmopathy (1)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (adult) (1)
      • Gynaecomastia (2)
      • Haemorrhage (1)
      • Hashimoto’s disease (4)
      • Histiocytosis (1)
      • Hyperaldosteronism (5)
      • Hyperandrogenism (3)
      • Hypercalcaemia (9)
      • Hyperglucogonaemia (1)
      • Hyperglycaemia (8)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (1)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (2)
      • Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (3)
      • Hypernatraemia (2)
      • Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (1)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (primary) (12)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (tertiary) (1)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (8)
      • Hypertension (6)
      • Hyperthyroidism (7)
      • Hypocalcaemia (3)
      • Hypoglycaemia (5)
      • Hypogonadism (7)
      • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (6)
      • Hypokalaemia (8)
      • Hyponatraemia (3)
      • Hypophosphataemia (4)
      • Hypophysitis (3)
      • Hypopituitarism (11)
      • Hypothyroidism (12)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (4)
      • IgG4–related systemic disease (3)
      • Incidentaloma (2)
      • Insulin resistance (1)
      • Insulinoma (3)
      • Ischaemic heart disease (1)
      • Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (1)
      • Leydig cell tumour (1)
      • Lipodystrophy (1)
      • Lipomatosis (1)
      • Lung metastases (1)
      • Lymphadenopathy (6)
      • Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (2)
      • Macronodular hyperplasia (1)
      • Macroprolactinoma (4)
      • McKittrick-Wheelock Syndrome (1)
      • Medullary thyroid cancer (4)
      • MEN1 (4)
      • MEN2A (2)
      • Meningitis (1)
      • Metastatic carcinoma (6)
      • Metastatic melanoma (1)
      • Metastatic tumour (4)
      • Microadenoma (2)
      • Myelolipoma (2)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myositis (1)
      • Neonatal diabetes (1)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (24)
      • Neurofibromatosis (1)
      • Nodular hyperplasia (2)
      • Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (1)
      • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1)
      • Obesity (1)
      • Osteomalacia (3)
      • Osteoporosis (1)
      • Ovarian cancer (3)
      • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (1)
      • Ovarian tumour (2)
      • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (1)
      • Pancreatitis (2)
      • Panhypopituitarism (6)
      • Papillary thyroid cancer (17)
      • Paraganglioma (3)
      • Paraneoplastic syndromes (4)
      • Parathyroid adenoma (8)
      • Parathyroid carcinoma (1)
      • Parathroid hyperplasia (2)
      • Phaeochromocytoma (13)
      • Phaeochromocytoma crisis (1)
      • Pituitary abscess (2)
      • Pituitary adenoma (22)
      • Pituitary apoplexy (4)
      • Pituitary cyst (1)
      • Pituitary haemorrhage (2)
      • Pituitary hyperplasia (2)
      • Pituitary tumour (malignant) (5)
      • Plurihormonal pituitary adenoma (3)
      • POEMS syndrome (1)
      • Post-prandial hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Prolactinoma (1)
      • Prostate cancer (2)
      • Puberty (precocious) (1)
      • Pulmonary oedema (1)
      • Rhabdomyolysis (2)
      • Rheumatoid arthritis (2)
      • Sexual development disorders (5)
      • Small-cell carcinoma (2)
      • Small intestine neuroendocrine tumour (1)
      • Solitary sellar plasmacytoma (2)
      • Somatotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma (1)
      • Struma ovarii (3)
      • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (2)
      • Thyroid adenoma (2)
      • Thyroid carcinoma (6)
      • Thyroid fibromatosis (1)
      • Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (6)
      • Thyroid storm (1)
      • Thyroiditis (7)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (4)
      • Thyrotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Tuberous sclerosis complex (1)
      • Tumour-induced osteomalacia (4)
      • Turner syndrome (1)
      • Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia (1)
      • Xanthogranulomatous hypophysitis (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (154)
    • Open Section Age (153)
      • Adolescent/young adult (15)
      • Adult (122)
      • Geriatric (12)
      • Neonatal (2)
      • Paediatric (4)
      • Pregnant adult (4)
    • Open Section Gender (154)
      • Female (100)
      • Male (65)
    • Open Section Ethnicity (154)
      • American Indian or Alaska Native (1)
      • Asian - Bangladeshi (1)
      • Asian - Chinese (7)
      • Asian - Filipino (1)
      • Asian - Indian (1)
      • Asian - Japanese (14)
      • Asian - Korean (1)
      • Asian - Pakistani (2)
      • Asian - other (4)
      • Black - African (4)
      • Black - Caribbean (2)
      • Black - other (2)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Central American or South American (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano (3)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Puerto Rican (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - other (2)
      • Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander (1)
      • White (104)
      • Other (5)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (154)
      • Argentina (2)
      • Australia (17)
      • Bangladesh (1)
      • Belgium (3)
      • Canada (5)
      • China (1)
      • Croatia (1)
      • Denmark (2)
      • France (2)
      • Germany (2)
      • Greece (5)
      • Iran, Islamic Republic of (1)
      • Ireland (3)
      • Israel (2)
      • Italy (8)
      • Japan (14)
      • Lebanon (2)
      • Mexico (2)
      • Netherlands (1)
      • New Zealand (1)
      • Oman (1)
      • Peru (1)
      • Poland (1)
      • Portugal (10)
      • Puerto Rico (2)
      • Singapore (2)
      • Spain (2)
      • Sri Lanka (1)
      • Switzerland (1)
      • Taiwan, Province of China (3)
      • Thailand (1)
      • Tunisia (1)
      • Turkey (2)
      • United Arab Emirates (1)
      • United Kingdom (39)
      • United States (14)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (154)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (152)
      • Abdominal adiposity (1)
      • Abdominal distension (3)
      • Abdominal cramp (1)
      • Abdominal discomfort (2)
      • Abdominal lump (2)
      • Abdominal pain (15)
      • Abdominal tenderness (1)
      • Acanthosis nigricans (1)
      • Acne (1)
      • Acrochorda (1)
      • Adverse breast development (1)
      • Agitation (1)
      • Alopecia (3)
      • Altered level of consciousness (2)
      • Ambiguous genitalia (1)
      • Amenorrhoea (13)
      • Amnesia (1)
      • Anaemia (5)
      • Anhedonia (1)
      • Anisocoria (1)
      • Anorexia (6)
      • Anxiety (4)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (3)
      • Arteriosclerosis (1)
      • Arthralgia (3)
      • Asthenia (4)
      • Ataxia (1)
      • Atrial fibrillation (2)
      • Atrophy (2)
      • Back pain (7)
      • Bacteraemia (1)
      • Behavioural problems (1)
      • Bitemporal hemianopsia (1)
      • Blindness (1)
      • Bloating (2)
      • Bone fracture(s) (2)
      • Bone lesions (4)
      • Bone pain (3)
      • Bony metastases (1)
      • Bowel movements - bleeding (2)
      • Bowel obstruction (1)
      • Brachydactyly (1)
      • Bradycardia (1)
      • Breast lump (1)
      • Breathing difficulties (3)
      • Buffalo hump (3)
      • Cardiogenic shock (1)
      • Cardiomyopathy (3)
      • Central obesity (1)
      • Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (1)
      • Cervical pain (2)
      • Chest pain (5)
      • Chest pain (pleuritic) (1)
      • Chills (1)
      • Cholecystitis (1)
      • Chronic pain (2)
      • Cirrhosis (1)
      • Clitoromegaly (2)
      • Cognitive problems (3)
      • Collapse (2)
      • Concentration difficulties (2)
      • Confusion (1)
      • Constipation (3)
      • Coughing (4)
      • Crackles (2)
      • Deep vein thrombosis (1)
      • Dehydration (4)
      • Delirium (2)
      • Depression (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus (8)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (5)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (11)
      • Diabetic neuropathy (1)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (1)
      • Diabetic foot neuropathy (1)
      • Diabetic foot ulceration (2)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (1)
      • Diarrhoea (6)
      • Diplopia (5)
      • Dizziness (7)
      • Dyslipidaemia (4)
      • Dyspepsia (1)
      • Dysphagia (8)
      • Dysphonia (6)
      • Dyspnoea (14)
      • Ears - pinna abnormalities (1)
      • Ecchymoses (6)
      • Enlarged prostate (1)
      • Epistaxis (1)
      • Erectile dysfunction (2)
      • Erythema (1)
      • Eyelid swelling (1)
      • Face - change in appearance (2)
      • Face - coarse features (6)
      • Facial fullness (3)
      • Facial palsy (1)
      • Facial plethora (9)
      • Facial weakness (1)
      • Facies - abnormal (3)
      • Facies - moon (7)
      • Faecal incontinence (1)
      • Fatigue (30)
      • Feet - increased size (4)
      • Feet - large (2)
      • Fingers - thick (1)
      • Flushing (1)
      • Fungating lesion (1)
      • Galactorrhoea (2)
      • Gallstones (1)
      • Goitre (9)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (1)
      • Gynaecomastia (5)
      • Haematoma (4)
      • Haematuria (1)
      • Haemoptysis (1)
      • Hands - enlargement (2)
      • Hands - large (3)
      • Head - large (1)
      • Headache (35)
      • Hearing loss (1)
      • Heart failure (2)
      • Heat intolerance (2)
      • Hemianopia (6)
      • Hepatic metastases (1)
      • Hepatomegaly (3)
      • Hirsutism (9)
      • Hot flushes (1)
      • Hyperactivity (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (2)
      • Hypercalcaemia (13)
      • Hypercholesterolaemia (4)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (18)
      • Hyperglucagonaemia (2)
      • Hyperglycaemia (13)
      • Hyperhidrosis (7)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (5)
      • Hyperkalaemia (1)
      • Hypernatraemia (3)
      • Hyperpigmentation (6)
      • Hyperplasia (3)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (7)
      • Hypersalivation (1)
      • Hypertension (33)
      • Hyperthyroidism (8)
      • Hypertrophy (1)
      • Hyperuricaemia (1)
      • Hypoadrenalism (2)
      • Hypoalbuminaemia (2)
      • Hypoglycaemia (7)
      • Hypogonadism (19)
      • Hypokalaemia (15)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (2)
      • Hyponatraemia (8)
      • Hypophosphataemia (6)
      • Hypopituitarism (10)
      • Hypoprolactinaemia (1)
      • Hyporeflexia (1)
      • Hypotension (13)
      • Hypothyroidism (15)
      • Hypoxia (2)
      • Infertility (1)
      • Insomnia (2)
      • Insulin resistance (1)
      • Irritability (2)
      • Ischaemia (1)
      • Itching (1)
      • Jaundice (2)
      • Kidney dysplasia (1)
      • Kidney stones (2)
      • Leg pain (6)
      • Leukocytosis (6)
      • Libido reduction/loss (2)
      • Lichen sclerosus (1)
      • Liver masses (1)
      • Lymphadenectomy (1)
      • Lymphadenitis (6)
      • Macroglossia (3)
      • Malaise (4)
      • Mastalgia (1)
      • Menstrual disorder (2)
      • Metabolic alkalosis (6)
      • Muscle atrophy (7)
      • Myasthaenia (15)
      • Mydriasis (1)
      • Myeloma (1)
      • Myocardial infarction (3)
      • Myopathy (2)
      • Myxoedema (1)
      • Nausea (16)
      • Neck mass (8)
      • Neck pain/discomfort (5)
      • Necrolytic migratory erythema (1)
      • Necrosis (1)
      • Neurofibromas (1)
      • Nocturia (1)
      • Normochromic normocytic anaemia (4)
      • Obesity (10)
      • Oedema (9)
      • Optic atrophy (1)
      • Osteoarthritis (2)
      • Osteomalacia (4)
      • Osteopenia (4)
      • Osteoporosis (2)
      • Osteosclerosis (1)
      • Ovarian cysts (3)
      • Pallor (1)
      • Palpitations (13)
      • Pancreatic fibrosis (1)
      • Pancreatitis (2)
      • Pancytopaenia (1)
      • Panic attacks (1)
      • Papilloedema (1)
      • Paraesthesia (8)
      • Paralysis (1)
      • Peptic ulcer (1)
      • Peripheral oedema (3)
      • Petechiae (1)
      • Phosphaturia (1)
      • Photosensitivity (1)
      • Pneumonia (2)
      • Polydipsia (16)
      • Polyuria (16)
      • Prognathism (1)
      • Proptosis (2)
      • Proteinuria (4)
      • Pruritus (2)
      • Ptosis (4)
      • Puberty (delayed/absent) (1)
      • Puberty (early/precocious) (1)
      • Pyrexia (11)
      • Rash (2)
      • Renal cyst (1)
      • Renal failure (4)
      • Renal insufficiency (4)
      • Renal phosphate wasting (isolated) (1)
      • Respiratory failure (3)
      • Retinopathy (1)
      • Rhabdomyolysis (1)
      • Salivary gland swelling (1)
      • Sarcoidosis (2)
      • Scoliosis (2)
      • Seizures (1)
      • Sepsis (2)
      • Shivering (1)
      • Singultus (1)
      • Sinusitis (1)
      • Sixth nerve palsy (2)
      • Skin - texture change (2)
      • Skin necrosis (1)
      • Skin pigmentation - spotty (3)
      • Skin thinning (2)
      • Social difficulties (1)
      • Soft tissue swelling (1)
      • Sore throat (1)
      • Splenomegaly (4)
      • Sputum production (1)
      • Striae (8)
      • Stridor (2)
      • Supraclavicular fat pads (4)
      • Sweating (5)
      • Syncope (4)
      • Tachycardia (11)
      • Tachypnoea (1)
      • Teeth gapping (2)
      • Telangiectasias (1)
      • Thermodysregulation (1)
      • Thrombocytopenia (2)
      • Thrombocytosis (1)
      • Thrombophilia (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (8)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (4)
      • Tinnitus (2)
      • Tremulousness (8)
      • Umbilical hernia (1)
      • Urinary incontinence (1)
      • Ventricular fibrillation (1)
      • Ventricular hypertrophy (3)
      • Virilisation (abnormal) (4)
      • Vision - acuity reduction (3)
      • Vision - blurred (4)
      • Visual disturbance (5)
      • Visual field defect (4)
      • Visual impairment (9)
      • Vocal cord paresis (2)
      • Vomiting (14)
      • Weight gain (17)
      • Weight loss (18)
      • Wheezing (1)
    • Open Section Investigation (154)
      • 17OHP (5)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (9)
      • ACTH (34)
      • ACTH stimulation (15)
      • Activated partial thromboplastin time (1)
      • Adrenal function (1)
      • Adrenal scintigraphy (4)
      • Adrenal venous sampling (6)
      • Adrenaline (2)
      • Alanine aminotransferase (3)
      • Albumin (4)
      • Albumin to creatinine ratio (1)
      • Aldosterone (blood) (4)
      • Aldosterone (plasma) (3)
      • Aldosterone (serum) (1)
      • Aldosterone to renin ratio (2)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (12)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (bone-specific) (2)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (3)
      • Amylase (1)
      • Androstenedione (5)
      • Angiography (9)
      • Anion gap (1)
      • Anti-insulin antibodies (1)
      • Anti-GH antibodies (1)
      • Antinuclear antibody (2)
      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (2)
      • Bicarbonate (6)
      • Bilirubin (2)
      • Biopsy (13)
      • Blood film (1)
      • Blood pressure (21)
      • BMI (6)
      • Bone age (4)
      • Bone biopsy (6)
      • Bone mineral density (4)
      • Bone scintigraphy (5)
      • C3 complement (2)
      • C4 complement (2)
      • Calcitonin (6)
      • Calcitriol (1)
      • Calcium (serum) (19)
      • Calcium (urine) (5)
      • Calcium to creatinine clearance ratio (2)
      • Carcinoembryonic antigen (4)
      • Catecholamines (24-hour urine) (3)
      • Catecholamines (plasma) (2)
      • CD-56 (5)
      • Chemokines (2)
      • Chloride (3)
      • Chromatography (1)
      • Chromogranin A (24)
      • Chromosomal analysis (2)
      • Colonoscopy (2)
      • Core needle biopsy (3)
      • Corticosterone (1)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (1)
      • Cortisol (16)
      • Cortisol (9am) (10)
      • Cortisol (plasma) (4)
      • Cortisol (midnight) (2)
      • Cortisol (salivary) (1)
      • Cortisol (serum) (17)
      • Cortisol day curve (3)
      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (12)
      • C-peptide (blood) (8)
      • C-reactive protein (12)
      • Creatinine (9)
      • Creatine kinase (4)
      • Creatinine (serum) (6)
      • CRH stimulation (2)
      • CTPA scan (1)
      • CT scan (98)
      • Cytokines (1)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (2)
      • Deoxycorticosterone (1)
      • DEXA scan (3)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (9)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (high dose) (9)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (low dose) (10)
      • DHEA Sulphate (3)
      • Discectomy (1)
      • DNA sequencing (11)
      • Dopamine (3)
      • Echocardiogram (8)
      • Electrocardiogram (6)
      • Electrolytes (1)
      • Endoscopic ultrasound (3)
      • Endoscopy (5)
      • Epinephrine (plasma) (3)
      • Epinephrine (urine) (1)
      • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (2)
      • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (5)
      • FGF23 (4)
      • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (25)
      • FSH (26)
      • FT3 (16)
      • FT4 (34)
      • GADA (1)
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