Patient Demographics > Age > Adult
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Summary
There are very few reports of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis hormone secretion (SIADH) after receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine. Herein, we present the case of an 84-year-old woman who developed severe hyponatremia following the second administration of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. The patient presented with nausea, vomiting, and headache. Laboratory tests showed a plasma sodium level of 119 mmol/L. After receiving 500 mL of intravenous saline over a 2-h period, her plasma sodium level raised to 121 mmol/L, but her symptoms persisted. Considering that rapid plasma sodium correction was necessary, we started 3% saline solution overnight. Her plasma sodium level raised to 132 mmol/L and her symptoms completely resolved. Clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with a diagnosis of SIADH. In the absence of any other triggering factors, we concluded that the condition was likely associated with the vaccination. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for hyponatremia, particularly SIADH, associated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.
Learning points
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Reports of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis hormone secretion after receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination are limited.
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If nausea, headache, and confusion are observed immediately after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, clinicians should consider the presence of hyponatremia.
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As similar case reports to date have presented with severe hyponatremia, prompt treatment may be required.
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Summary
Mpox (MPX) formerly known as monkeypox was declared a public health emergency of international concern, following an outbreak that commenced in May 2022. We report a case of subacute thyroiditis following MPX infection. To our knowledge, it is the first documented incidence of this complication in humans. A 51-year-old male, with a well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on antiretroviral therapy, was reviewed 3 weeks after a positive test for MPX. The acute skin lesions and initial systemic symptoms had resolved, but he described significant neck discomfort, fatigue, weight loss and night sweats. Blood tests showed a raised C-reactive protein, free T4 and suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone. His thyroid antibodies were negative. He was treated initially with carbimazole and propranolol, pending exclusion of any other intercurrent infection. A chest radiograph was normal; blood cultures and a combined nose and throat swab for respiratory virus PCR testing were negative. Following this, he commenced a 2-week course of prednisolone; his symptoms resolved completely within 24 h of starting. He subsequently developed hypothyroidism, which was treated with levothyroxine. The clinical features, abnormal thyroid function, raised CRP and negative thyroid antibodies 3 weeks post-MPX positive test was consistent with viral subacute thyroiditis. This case demonstrates that, as described following other viral infections, MPX can cause subacute thyroiditis, which follows a similar course to the classic form of subacute thyroiditis. Clinicians should be aware of this potential endocrine complication when attending to patients with MPX.
Learning points
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Subacute thyroiditis can present following mpox virus infection.
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Its course is similar to the classic form of subacute thyroiditis and steroids are effective.
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It is important to exclude other concurrent infections prior to starting steroids, especially for patients who are immunosuppressed or in other high-risk groups.
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Summary
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 2 is characterized by the presence of Addison’s disease (AD) along with autoimmune thyroid disease and/or type 1 diabetes. APS type 2 is known as Schmidt’s syndrome when autoimmune adrenal insufficiency is associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. We report a very rare case of a 28-year-old female patient who had Schmidt’s syndrome revealed by a thyroid storm (TS) concomitant with an acute adrenal crisis. The onset of AD resulted in a surgical emergency. The patient presented with cardiogenic shock and an acute abdomen. The precipitation factor was Hashitoxicosis presented as TS. This life-threatening condition was successfully reversed with aggressive medical therapy based on antithyroid drugs and intravenous glucocorticoids. This hyperthyroid phase lasted for a period of 8 months. The patient eventually developed hypothyroidism, suggesting that Hashimoto's thyroiditis was the most likely diagnosis. She was started on levothyroxine replacement therapy and remained euthyroid on levothyroxine. The case we describe had several diagnostic pitfalls that are discussed both at the start as well as during the evolution.
Learning points
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Autoimmune diseases can appear concomitantly or succeed each other over time. The clinician must be vigilant to detect these diseases in time in order to avoid a misdiagnosis of a life-threatening emergency such as adrenal insufficiency or thyroid storm.
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Thyroid storm is an uncommon but life-threatening manifestation of hyperthyroidism. Diagnosis is dependent on clinical symptoms, and no specific laboratory tests are available.
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Glucocorticoids should be used in the treatment of thyroid storm because they have an inhibitory effect on peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
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In patients who have severe thyrotoxicosis, especially in conjunction with hypotension, treatment with glucocorticoids has become standard practice because of the possibility of relative adrenal insufficiency or the possibility of undiagnosed Addison’s disease.
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The differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism can be challenging. Graves’ disease can be discussed in view of the severity of the clinical presentation and the prolonged duration of the hyperthyroid phase. Hashitoxicosis is the initial hyperthyroid phase in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. The hyperthyroid phase is always followed by definitive resolution, with persistent euthyroidism and no hyperthyroid relapses.
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Synthetic antithyroid drugs may be prescribed during the hyperthyroid phase of Hashimoto thyroiditis if the clinical presentation is severe and the duration of the hyperthyroid phase is prolonged.
Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Summary
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of rare diseases presenting with heterogeneous clinical, biochemical, and genetic disorders caused by mutations in the mitochondrial or nuclear genome. Multiple organs can be affected, particularly those with high energy demand. Diabetes is a common endocrine manifestation of mitochondrial diseases. The onset of mitochondrial diabetes can be latent or acute, and the presenting phenotype can be type 1- or type 2-like. Studies show that diabetes ais associated with latent progression of cognitive decline in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome. Herein, we report a case of rapid cognitive decline after the acute onset of diabetes in a patient with MELAS syndrome. The patient was a 36-year-old woman who was hospitalized due to hyperglycemic crisis and seizures. She was diagnosed with MELAS syndrome two years previously, and had gradually progressing dementia and hearing loss. However, following the acute onset of diabetes, she developed rapid cognitive decline and loss of ability to perform daily activities. In conclusion, the acute onset of diabetes could be an associated risk factor for rapid cognitive decline in patients with MELAS syndrome. Thus, these patients as well as healthy carriers with related genetic mutations should undergo diabetes education and screening tests. Moreover, clinicians should be aware of the possibility for acute onset of hyperglycemic crisis, particularly in the presence of triggering factors.
Learning points
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Diabetes is a common endocrine manifestation of mitochondrial diseases, presenting with a type 1- or type 2-like phenotype depending on the level of insulinopenia.
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Metformin should be avoided in patients with mitochondrial diseases to prevent metformin-induced lactic acidosis.
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Mitochondrial diabetes can manifest before or after the onset of MELAS syndrome.
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In patients with MELAS syndrome, diabetes can initially manifest with a life-threatening severe hyperglycemic crisis and can cause rapid cognitive decline.
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Diabetes screening tests (e.g. hemoglobin A1c, oral glucose tolerance test, or random blood glucose level measurement) should be performed either systematically or in the presence of symptoms, particularly after triggering events.
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Genetic testing and counseling should be provided to patients and their families for the purpose of better understanding the inheritance, progression, and possible outcomes of the disease.
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Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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Summary
We report a case of a woman with a diagnosis of breast cancer who unintentionally started gaining weight, feeling tired, and constipated 44 weeks after the initiation of trastuzumab. Hypothyroidism secondary to an autoimmune thyroiditis associated with trastuzumab was diagnosed, the first case described in Portugal and the fourth case described worldwide. Our intention regarding the publication of this case report is to alert the clinicians treating people with trastuzumab that they should ask the patients about symptoms of hypothyroidism and should screen the thyroid function of the patients before, during, and after the initiation of trastuzumab.
Learning points
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Trastuzumab is a humanized MAB used in HER2-positive breast and gastric cancer.
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Trastuzumab-associated autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is rare (incidence rate in an RCT of 0.3%).
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Manifestations of autoimmune thyroiditis associated with trastuzumab resemble those of hypothyroidism in other clinical contexts, but the presence of goiter is highlighted as a reason for medical evaluation. Biochemically, it is characterized by an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with or without a low FT4/FT3, and sonographically with a pattern of thyroiditis.
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The treatment consists of levothyroxine, in a dose of 1.6–1.8 µg/kg/day, with re-evaluation of the thyroid function in 4–6 weeks.
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We report the first case of autoimmune thyroiditis secondary to trastuzumab in Portugal.
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It is important to evaluate the thyroid function before, during, and after the initiation of this therapeutic agent.
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Summary
Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion (EAS) by a pheochromocytoma is a challenging condition. A woman with hypertension and an anamnestic report of a ‘non-secreting’ left adrenal mass developed uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), hyperglycaemia and severe hypokalaemia. ACTH-dependent severe hypercortisolism was ascertained in the absence of Cushingoid features, and a psycho-organic syndrome developed. Brain imaging revealed a splenial lesion of the corpus callosum and a pituitary microadenoma. The adrenal mass displayed high uptake on both 18F-FDG PET/CT and 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT; urinary metanephrine levels were greatly increased. The combination of antihypertensive drugs, high-dose potassium infusion, insulin and steroidogenesis inhibitor normalized BP, metabolic parameters and cortisol levels; laparoscopic left adrenalectomy under intravenous hydrocortisone infusion was performed. On combined histology and immunohistochemistry, an ACTH-secreting pheochromocytoma was diagnosed. The patient's clinical condition improved and remission of both hypercortisolism and catecholamine hypersecretion ensued. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a reduction of the splenial lesion. Off-therapy BP and metabolic parameters remained normal. The patient was discharged on cortisone replacement therapy for post-surgical hypocortisolism. EAS due to pheochromocytoma displays multifaceted clinical features and requires prompt diagnosis and multidisciplinary management in order to overcome the related severe clinical derangements.
Learning points
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A small but significant number of cases of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing’s syndrome are caused by ectopic ACTH secretion by neuroendocrine tumours, which is usually associated with severe hypercortisolism causing severe clinical and metabolic derangements.
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Ectopic ACTH secretion by a pheochromocytoma is exceedingly rare but can be life-threatening, owing to the simultaneous excess of both cortisol and catecholamines.
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The combination of biochemical and hormonal testing and imaging procedures is mandatory for the diagnosis of ectopic ACTH secretion, and in the presence of an adrenal mass, the possibility of an ACTH-secreting pheochromocytoma should be taken into account.
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Immediate-acting steroidogenesis inhibitors are required for the treatment of hypercortisolism, and catecholamine excess should also be appropriately managed before surgical removal of the tumour.
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A multidisciplinary approach is required for the treatment of this challenging entity.
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Summary
A patient treated with intramuscular testosterone replacement therapy for primary hypogonadism developed blurred vision shortly after receiving his testosterone injection. The symptom resolved over subsequent weeks and recurred after his next injection. A diagnosis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR) was confirmed following ophthalmology review. A decision was made to change the patient’s testosterone regime from this 12-weekly intramuscular injection to a daily topical testosterone gel, given the possibility that peak blood levels of testosterone following intramuscular injection were causing his ocular complaint. His CSR did not recur after this change in treatment. CSR secondary to testosterone therapy is a rare finding but has been reported previously in the literature.
Learning Points
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Blurred vision in patients treated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) should prompt an ophthalmology review.
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The potential for reduced risk of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR) with daily transdermal testosterone remains a matter of conjecture.
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CSR is a rare potential side effect of TRT.
Nova Medical School/ Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Nova Medical School/ Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Nova Medical School/ Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Nova Medical School/ Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Health and Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saude de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Summary
17-Alpha-hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, representing 1% of cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A 44-year-old female presented to the emergency department complaining of generalized asthenia and polyarthralgia for about 2 weeks. On examination, she was hypertensive (174/100 mmHg), and laboratory results revealed hypokalemia and hypocortisolism. She had an uncharacteristic morphotype, BMI of 16.7 kg/m2, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, and Tanner stage M1P1, with normal female external genitalia. She reported to have primary amenorrhea. Further analytical evaluations of her hormone levels were performed CT scan revealed adrenal bilateral hyperplasia and absence of female internal genitalia. A nodular lesion was observed in the left inguinal canal with 25 × 10 mm, compatible with a testicular remnant. Genetic analysis identified the c.3G>A p.(Met1?) variant in homozygosity in the CYP17A1 gene, classified as pathogenic, confirming the diagnosis of 17OHD. Karyotype analysis was compatible with 46,XY. The association of severe hypokalemia, hypertension, hypocortisolism, and oligo/amenorrhea and the absence of secondary sexual characteristics favored the diagnosis of 17OHD, confirmed by genetic testing. As in other published clinical cases, diagnosis outside pediatric age is not rare and should be considered when severe hypokalemia occurs in hypertensive adults with a lack of secondary sexual characteristics.
Learning points
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The association of severe hypokalemia, hypertension, hypocortisolism, and oligo/amenorrhea and the absence of secondary sexual characteristics favor the diagnosis of 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD).
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Diagnosis outside pediatric age is not rare.
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17OHD should be considered when severe hypokalemia occurs in hypertensive adults with a lack of secondary sexual characteristics.
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Summary
Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome (ECS) is a rare disease associated with significant comorbidity. Among the causes of Cushing's syndrome, adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing extrapituitary tumours are rarely reported. This low frequency makes it difficult for the physician to acquire experience in its management.
In this report, we aimed to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and treatment modalities of 12 patients with ECS treated in a single tertiarycentre over a 17-year period. Although they can appear in different locations through the neuroendocrine system, lung tumours are the most frequently reported, as it occurs in our series. They can show different levels of aggressiveness and mild to severe clinical course. Therefore, distinguishing Cushing's disease can be challenging and sometimes requires more specific techniques such as invasive tests or no conventional imaging. Treatment includes controlling both hypercortisolism and neoplastic disease, and multidisciplinary management is recommended.
Learning points
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Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS) accounts for 15% of endogenous Cushing's syndromes. Its infrequency implies that both diagnosis and treatment can be a challenge for clinicians without experience in its management.
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The most common location is the lung. Although older series reported small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) as the main ECS-producing tumour, currently most cases are attributed to lung carcinoids.
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Low-grade tumours (lung carcinoids) present themselves with a more subtle and gradual hypercortisolism, and clinically this can be difficult to differentiate from hypercortisolism due to CD. In contrast, high-grade tumours (SCLC) show severe hypercortisolism with rapid evolution.
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The diagnostic approach is complex especially when the tumour is not previously known and the clinical presentation is subtle. Functional tests are mandatory in these cases, and nuclear medicine imaging can help when conventional imaging tests fail to identify the tumour.
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ECS treatment includes a wide variety of modalities oriented to treat both the excess of cortisol and the tumour itself. The tumour prognosis depends fundamentally on the type of adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumour.
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Expert and multidisciplinary team is essential for successfully treating these complex and ill patients.
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Japan
Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Summary
Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is a subtype of diabetes characterized by rapid progression of β-cell destruction, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. However, viral infections, HLA genes, and immune checkpoint inhibitor use were reportedly involved in this disease. A 51-year-old Japanese man with no chronic medical condition was admitted to our hospital with complaints of nausea and vomiting. Cough, sore throat, nasal discharge, and diarrhea were not noted. He had a medical history of at least two influenza infections. His vaccination history was notable for receiving an inactive split influenza vaccine 12 days prior to developing these symptoms. He was diagnosed with DKA associated with FT1D. His HLA class II genotypes were nonsusceptible to FT1D, and he had a negative history of immune checkpoint inhibitor use. The destruction of the pancreas by cytotoxic T cells is reported to be involved in FT1D. Inactive split influenza vaccines do not directly activate cytotoxic T cells. However, these could activate the redifferentiation of memory CD8-positive T cells into cytotoxic T cells and induce FT1D, as this patient had a history of influenza infections.
Learning points
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Influenza split vaccination could cause fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D).
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The mechanism of influenza split vaccine-induced FT1D might be through the redifferentiation of CD8-positive memory T cells into cytotoxic T cells.