Publication Details > Case Report Type

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Albert Vu Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Constance Chik Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Sarah Kwong Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Summary

Non-islet cell tumour hypoglycemia (NICTH), typically mediated by insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), is a rare but highly morbid paraneoplastic syndrome associated with tumours of mesenchymal or epithelial origin. Outside of dextrose administration and dietary modification which provide transient relief of hypoglycemia, resection of the underlying tumour is the only known cure for NICTH. Available medical therapies to manage hypoglycemia include glucocorticoids, recombinant growth hormone, and pasireotide. We report two cases of IGF-2 mediated hypoglycemia. The first was managed surgically to good effect, highlighting the importance of a timely diagnosis to maximise the likelihood of a surgical cure. The second patient had unresectable disease and was managed medically, adding to a growing number of cases supporting the efficacy of glucocorticoids and recombinant growth hormone in NICTH.

Learning points

  • Recurrent fasting hypoglycemia in the setting of a malignancy should raise suspicion of non-islet cell tumour hypoglycemia (NICTH), which is typically mediated by IGF-2.

  • The initial workup for NICTH should include a serum glucose, C-peptide, insulin, insulin antibodies, beta-hydroxybutyrate, IGF-2, IGF-1, and sulphonylurea screen during a spontaneous or induced hypoglycemic episode.

  • An IGF-2/IGF-1 ratio above 10 is highly suggestive of IGF-2-mediated hypoglycemia if the IGF-2 level is normal or elevated. False positives may be seen with sepsis and cachexia as both IGF-2 and IGF-1 are subnormal in these cases. A low IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), such as in renal failure, may also result in a falsely normal or low IGF-2/IGF-1 ratio.

  • Surgical resection of the associated tumour is curative in most NICTH cases.

  • When the tumour is unresectable, moderate-dose glucocorticoids, low-dose glucocorticoids in combination with recombinant growth hormone, and pasireotide are medical therapies with promising results in controlling NICTH.

Open access
Presoon Kuruvilla Department of Internal Medicine, Caritas Hospital, Kerala, India

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Angel John Department of Internal Medicine, Caritas Hospital, Kerala, India

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Ashith Murali Department of Internal Medicine, Caritas Hospital, Kerala, India

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Summary

Insulin autoantibody syndrome (IAS) or Hirata’s disease is a rare condition characterized by recurrent fasting hypoglycaemic and postprandial hyperglycaemic episodes. Insulin autoantibodies are diagnostic for the condition. Hirata’s disease has been seen to be associated with other autoimmune conditions. Vitiligo is a common depigmentation disorder whose exact cause is unknown but thought to have an autoimmune aetiology. Although autoimmunity plays a role in the pathogenesis of both the diseases, association between the two has not been reported till date. In our case, a 72-year-old Indian woman with vitiligo for the past 30 years presented with recurrent episodes of fasting hypoglycaemia. She was found to have very high levels of fasting insulin, C-peptide, and insulin antibody and was diagnosed with IAS. Thus, we conclude that the clinical spectrum of Hirata’s disease has to be taken as more heterogenous than previously assumed.

Learning points

  • Insulin autoantibody syndrome (IAS) or Hirata’s disease is a rare condition characterized by recurrent fasting hypoglycaemic and postprandial hyperglycaemic episodes in which insulin plays a major role.

  • Insulin autoantibodies are diagnostic for IAS. The endocrine insulin and its autoantibodies play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

  • Vitiligo is a common depigmentation disorder whose exact cause is unknown but thought to have an autoimmune aetiology.

  • IAS and vitiligo are two diseases with autoimmune aetiology which has been seen to be associated with each other (the first case to be reported).

  • The clinical spectrum of Hirata’s disease has to be taken as more heterogenous than previously assumed.

  • On dealing with autoimmune diseases, we should also keep in mind about other diseases with autoimmune pathogenesis.

Open access
Randa Ghazal Asswad Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Muhammad Ilyas Khan Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Catherine Elizabeth Gilkes Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Christina Daousi Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Sravan Kumar Thondam Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Summary

Functioning gonadotroph adenomas with clinical manifestations are extremely rare and the majority of these are FSH-secreting macroadenomas. Clinical symptoms are due to excess gonadotrophins and sex hormones, and these may be present for a long time before the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma is made. We present the case of a 37-year-old Caucasian male with clinical manifestations of an FSH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma. He had sexual dysfunction for a year followed by bilateral testicular pain and enlargement which was initially treated as suspected recurrent epididymitis, but his symptoms did not resolve. He presented a year later with headaches and bilateral superior temporal visual field defects. Brain imaging confirmed a pituitary macroadenoma with optic chiasm compression. Pituitary profile demonstrated an unusually high FSH with high normal LH and normal testosterone level. The patient successfully underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy and histology confirmed gonadotroph differentiation and immunoreactivity predominantly with FSH. Gonadotrophin levels and testosterone dropped significantly after surgery, and he was started on testosterone replacement. MR imaging, 2 years post surgery, showed no recurrence of pituitary adenoma. In conclusion, testicular enlargement and hypogonadal symptoms associated with low testosterone levels are recognised features in FSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Our patient had hypogonadal symptoms but consistently high normal testosterone levels prior to surgery. The reason for low libido despite high testosterone is unclear. Our case highlights the need to suspect such rare underlying pituitary pathology when dealing with unusual combinations of hypogonadal symptoms, testicular enlargement with low or normal testosterone levels.

Learning points

  • Functioning pituitary adenomas that secrete excess follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are very rare and often present with symptoms related to pituitary mass effect.

  • Testicular enlargement alongside sexual dysfunction are commonly reported symptoms amongst male patients.

  • Pituitary profile results demonstrate a raised FSH level with either a low, normal, or even high testosterone level which may not always correlate to clinical symptoms.

  • Pituitary pathology should be considered in males presenting with unusual combinations of testicular enlargement and hypogonadal symptoms even with normal testosterone levels.

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Chi-Ta Hsieh Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

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Jui-Ting Yu Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

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Tang-Yi Tsao Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

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Yao Hsien Tseng Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

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Summary

A 69-year-old woman presented with weight loss, fever, dizziness, exertional dyspnea, and drenching night sweats. Imaging showed a thyroid goiter at the left lobe that measured 5.6 × 3.4 × 3.5 cm in size. On computed tomography, she was found to have large adrenal masses. Core needle biopsy of the left thyroid mass revealed the presence of a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) typically develop in lymph nodes or other lymphatic tissues. There have been cases where the thyroid has been affected, and the secondary involvement of the adrenal gland is common. In reported cases, 7–59% of patients with NHL exhibited symptoms of thyroid dysfunction. Our patient presented no symptoms of thyroid dysfunction or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The patient had bilateral adrenal lymphomas that led to adrenal insufficiency. Immunochemotherapy provided a good response in this case, as seen by the rapid improvement in thyroid and adrenal mass on follow-up PET/CT.

Learning points

  • Thyroid lymphoma requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis in patients with a rapidly growing thyroid tumor, even in the absence of chronic inflammatory thyroid disease.

  • Depending on the extent of involvement, adrenal lymphoma may rapidly cause adrenal insufficiency.

  • In the setting of acute illness, appropriate levels of plasma cortisol are often unclear, necessitating early initiation of glucocorticoid therapy based on clinical suspicion, especially when features like bilateral adrenal masses and elevated ACTH levels are present.

  • Treatment modalities include chemotherapy and radiation therapy for localized lesions, together with hormone replacement for organ dysfunction.

  • The origin of the tumor influences the clinical outcome of patients with lymphoma simultaneously involving the thyroid and adrenal glands.

Open access
Gaayathri Krishnan Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

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Nur Hidayah Mohd Makhatar Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

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Tee Hwee Ching Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

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Serena Khoo Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

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Summary

Pituitary tuberculoma is extremely rare and may pose as a diagnostic challenge especially when encountered as an isolated lesion without other systemic manifestation of tuberculosis. A 21-year-old female was admitted for diabetic ketoacidosis. On the third day of admission following the resolution of diabetic ketoacidosis she developed a sudden onset of headache and blurring of vision suggestive of pituitary apoplexy. An urgent MRI brain revealed a large sellar mass with erosion into the sphenoid sinus and intracranial vasculitis. Transphenoidal surgery was done for tumour debulking which allowed histopathological examination of the sellar mass. Immunohistochemical examination of the sellar mass was positive for Gene Xpert MTB/Rif suggesting a tuberculoma. Anti-tuberculous therapy was commenced with full recovery of pituitary hormonal profile seen 7 months post-treatment. In regions with a high incidence of tuberculosis, a tuberculoma should be a considered in a diagnostic evaluation of a sellar lesion.

Learning points

  • In an endemic area of tuberculosis, tuberculoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis when evaluating sellar lesions.

  • Pituitary tuberculoma can present with pituitary apoplexy-like symptoms.

  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment may lead to recovery of pituitary function.

Open access
Hakan Ozoran Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Clinical Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Phoenix Guwa Clinical Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Pam Dyson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Garry D Tan Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

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Fredrik Karpe Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

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Summary

The use of a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) reduces insulin requirements in insulinopenic states such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, the use of potentially ketogenic diets in this clinical setting is contentious and the mechanisms underlying their impact on glycaemic control are poorly understood. We report a case of a patient with a late-onset classic presentation of T1DM who adopted a very low-carbohydrate diet and completely avoided insulin therapy for 18 months, followed by tight glycaemic control on minimal insulin doses. The observations suggest that adherence to an LCD in T1DM, implemented soon after diagnosis, can facilitate an improved and less variable glycaemic profile in conjunction with temporary remission in some individuals. Importantly, these changes occurred in a manner that did not lead to a significant increase in blood ketone (beta-hydroxybutyrate) concentrations. This case highlights the need for further research in the form of randomised controlled trials to assess the long-term safety and sustainability of carbohydrate-reduced diets in T1DM.

Learning points

  • This case highlights the potential of low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to mediate improved diabetes control and possible remission soon after diagnosis.

  • Could carbohydrate-reduced diets implemented early in the course of T1DM delay the decline in endogenous insulin production?

  • Adherence to an LCD in T1DM can facilitate an improved and less variable glycaemic profile.

  • This case suggests that LCDs in T1DM may not be associated with a concerning supraphysiological ketonaemia.

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Vahab Fatourechi Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Amy A Swanson Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Robert A Lee Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Summary

We report the case of a male patient with papillary thyroid cancer, familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection, and a variation in the MYH11 gene. Because of considerable tumor bulk in the neck that was not resectable, the patient underwent partial resection at age 14 years. Since then, the patient has received only suppressive thyroid hormone therapy. He is now 71 years old, which is 57 years after the initial resection. The patient received care at our institution from July 2009 to August 2019, during which we documented the stability of multiple calcified masses in the neck. Follow-up examinations at another institution from September 2019 to April 2023 also confirmed the stability of the masses. The underlying cause of this unusually long indolent course of the disease is unclear. Whether extensive tumor calcifications or the MYH11 sequence variation contributed to the disease course is also uncertain.

Learning points

  • Papillary thyroid cancer with neck metastases may, in some cases, be stable and remain asymptomatic for decades.

  • If locoregional stability of papillary thyroid cancer is documented for many years, observation may be preferable to extensive neck surgery in selected cases.

  • This is the first report of an MYH11 gene alteration and thoracic aortic aneurysm in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer with indolent neck metastases.

  • Future studies of MYH11 gene alterations in thyroid carcinoma are needed.

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Khalifah A Aldawsari Department of Pediatrics, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA

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Claudia Mattos Department of Pediatrics, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA

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Danyal M Khan The Heart Institute, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA

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Omar Beckett Department of Endocrinology, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA

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Pedro Pagan Department of Endocrinology, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA

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Summary

Dumping syndrome is a rare but potentially serious condition that causes inappropriate postprandial hyperinsulinemia leading to hypoglycemia in children following gastrointestinal surgeries. While dietary modifications are often the first line of treatment, severe cases may require pharmacological intervention to prevent severe hypoglycemia. We present a case of successful treatment of dumping syndrome with diazoxide. A 2-month-old infant with left hypoplastic heart syndrome who underwent single ventricle palliation pathway and developed feeding intolerance that required Nissen fundoplication. Postprandial hypoglycemia was detected following the procedure, with glucose level down to 12 mg/dL, and the diagnosis of dumping syndrome was established. The patient was successfully managed with diazoxide, which effectively resolved postprandial hypoglycemia without any major adverse events. The patient was eventfully weaned off the medication at the age of 5 months. This case highlights the potential role of diazoxide in the management of pediatric patients with postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia secondary to dumping syndrome.

Learning points

  • Dumping syndrome is a possible complication of gastrointestinal surgeries and should be suspected in children with abnormal glucose levels.

  • Postprandial hyperglycemia should be monitored closely for significant subsequent hypoglycemia.

  • Diazoxide might be considered as part of the treatment plan for dumping syndrome.

Open access
Yu Arai Department of Family & General Medicine, Tokyo-Kita Medical Center, Japan

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Satoru Okada Department of Family & General Medicine, Tokyo-Kita Medical Center, Japan

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Taiju Miyagami Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

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Narumi Sue Department of Family & General Medicine, Tokyo-Kita Medical Center, Japan

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Chisato Kainaga Department of Family & General Medicine, Tokyo-Kita Medical Center, Japan

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Summary

Myxoedema coma is a severe form of hypothyroidism with multiple organ dysfunction, characterised by an altered state of consciousness and hypothermia. Intravenous thyroid hormone replacement therapy is the preferred treatment for myxoedema. The mortality rate associated with this disease is high, and early detection and intervention are essential. Supraglottal myxoedema is a rare form of periglottic oedema and can be fatal. A previously healthy 66-year-old man presented with impaired consciousness, hypothermia, and nonpitting oedema. Blood tests revealed the presence of hypothyroidism and respiratory acidosis. He was intubated for type 2 respiratory failure; however, severe laryngeal oedema made the procedure difficult to perform. Oral thyroid hormone therapy was initiated under the diagnosis of myxoedema coma. Tracheostomy was performed because of prolonged type 2 respiratory failure and laryngeal oedema. Three weeks after admission, the patient was weaned off the ventilator. Approximately a week later, laryngeal oedema improved, and the tracheostomy tube was removed. The patient was discharged and remained stable for 3 months. This case report describes a patient with comatose myxoedema and supraglottic oedema who was successfully treated with oral medication alone. This case shows that supraglottic oedema should be considered even in the absence of wheezing or other signs of upper airway obstruction.

Learning points

  • Myxoedema coma is a differential diagnosis of respiratory acidosis.

  • In myxoedematous coma, the possibility of difficult intubation due to supraglottic oedema should be considered.

  • Tracheostomy should be considered for supraglottic myxoedema, which often results in prolonged ventilator use.

  • Supraglottic myxoedema can be treated with oral medications.

Open access
Isabella Chiardi Thyroid Unit of Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lugano Regional Hospital, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy

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Priska Gaffuri Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland

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Andrea Leoncini Servizio di Radiologia e Radiologia Interventistica, Istituto di Imaging Della Svizzera Italiana (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland

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Pierpaolo Trimboli Thyroid Unit of Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lugano Regional Hospital, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland

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Summary

Thyroid metastases from nonthyroidal malignancies (NTMs) represent a diagnostic challenge, often displaying heterogeneous clinical manifestations. These metastases are rare but significant, accounting for approximately 2% of thyroid malignancies. Distinguishing them from primary thyroid malignancies is challenging due to the lack of specific ultrasound features, and the ultrasound-based risk stratification systems offer limited utility in such cases. Fine needle aspiration cytology is crucial for definitive diagnosis, yet it may not always provide accurate results. In this case report, we describe a unique instance of thyroid metastases originating from renal cell carcinoma, emphasizing the complexities in diagnosis and the importance of considering oncological conditions when assessing thyroid masses. Awareness of thyroid metastasis from NTMs, particularly in cases of diffuse thyroid hypoechogenicity and hypothyroidism, is essential for clinicians in their diagnostic approach.

Learning points

  • Thyroid metastases from nonthyroidal malignancies are diagnostic challenges due to their heterogeneous clinical presentations, often mimicking primary thyroid malignancies.

  • Thyroid metastases from nonthyroidal malignancies are relatively rare, but they still account for approximately 2% of thyroid malignancies.

  • It is fundamental to consider oncological conditions when assessing thyroid masses, especially in cases of diffuse thyroid hypoechogenicity, hypothyroidism, and history of other tumors.

  • Thyroid presentation is quite similar to that of autoimmune hypothyroidism, endocrinologists must be aware of the possibility of thyroid hypofunction due to the massive invasion of the parenchyma.

Open access