Publication Details > Case Report Type
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Search for other papers by Dave Duggan in
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Search for other papers by Cinthia Minatel Riguetto in
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Summary
There is a scarcity of literature relating to post-bariatric hypoglycaemia (PBH) in pregnancy. Recurrent hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia can have significant consequences for both the mother and the developing fetus. We describe a case of a young pregnant woman who was diagnosed with symptomatic PBH in the second trimester of pregnancy using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 3 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Instigating a low glycaemic index and complex carbohydrate diet significantly improved the patient’s glycaemic excursions. Given that this condition is likely underdiagnosed as a complication of RYGB surgery, a greater awareness of this complication is needed. Patients should be adequately consented pre-operatively for this relatively frequent late surgical complication to enable patients to identify symptoms of this condition at an early stage and seek medical treatment.
Learning points
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PBH is an important diagnosis in patients post-RYGB surgery, particularly in women of childbearing age when consequences of both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia during pregnancy can adversely affect both mother and the fetus.
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Adverse outcomes of recurrent hypoglycaemia to the fetus can include small for gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction and possible impairment of beta cell function.
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Providing adequate carbohydrate intake to allow growth of the fetus during pregnancy while also attempting to resolve both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia associated with PBH by reducing the intake of simple carbohydrates and high glycaemic index foods can prove challenging.
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Patients should be adequately consented for late complications of RYGB surgery such as PBH in order to allow early recognition of symptoms and enable prompt treatment.
Search for other papers by Ishara Ranathunga in
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Search for other papers by Chandima Idampitiya in
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Summary
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder caused by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Individuals with T1DM usually require at least 3-5 years to develop microvascular complications in comparison to people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), who may develop complications even before the diagnosis of diabetes. We discuss a patient who presented with proliferative diabetic retinopathy subsequently diagnosed with T1DM and diabetic neuropathy following investigations. Diabetic retinopathy or other microvascular complications as the presenting feature of T1DM is rarely known or reported in the literature. A 33-year-old healthcare worker had been seen by the opticians due to 1-week history of blurred vision. The ophthalmology assessment had confirmed proliferative retinopathy in the right eye and severe non-proliferative retinopathy in the left eye with bilateral clinically significant macular oedema. His BMI was 24.9 kg/m2. The nervous system examination revealed bilateral stocking type peripheral neuropathy. The random venous glucose was 24.9 mmol/L. Plasma ketones were 0.7 mmol/L and HbA1c was 137 mmol/mol. On further evaluation, the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody was positive, confirming the diagnosis of T1DM. He was started on aflibercept injections in both eyes, followed by panretinal photocoagulation. Subsequent nerve conduction studies confirmed the presence of symmetrical polyneuropathy. The pathogenesis of the development of microvascular complications in T1DM is multifactorial. Usually, the development of complications is seen at least a few years following the diagnosis. The occurrence of microvascular complications at presentation is rare. This makes the management challenging and extremely important in preventing the progression of the disease.
Learning points
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The pathogenesis of the development of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus is multifactorial.
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The development of complications is seen at least a few years following the diagnosis.
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Occurrence of microvascular complications at presentation is rare.
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This makes the management challenging and extremely important to prevent the progression of the disease.
Search for other papers by Yuko Kiyohara in
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Search for other papers by Rei Hirose in
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Search for other papers by Hiroshi Kawamata in
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Search for other papers by Jun Saito in
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Search for other papers by Yuya Tsurutani in
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Summary
Fibromuscular dysplasia can cause renovascular hypertension. Since fibromuscular dysplasia may be underdiagnosed, precise diagnosis and management are crucial, especially for young women. A 20-year-old woman with hypertension and hypokalemia was referred to our hospital for further evaluation of secondary hypertension. At the previous hospital, her blood pressure was 160/110 mmHg and the serum potassium level was 2.9 mEq/L. The equilibrium phase on contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a low-density area in the upper median portion of the right kidney. On admission to our hospital, her blood pressure was 141/96 mmHg under 5 mg of amlodipine. Laboratory tests revealed plasma renin activity of 11.3 ng/mL/h and plasma aldosterone concentration of 117.1 pg/mL. Renal venous sampling of active renin concentration showed a right-to-left renin ratio of 3.13, confirming a significant increase in renin secretion from the right kidney. Selective reno-angiography detected focal stenosis with adjacent aneurysmal dilation and tortuosity in the proximal branch of the right renal artery. She was diagnosed with branch artery fibromuscular dysplasia and successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. After the treatment, she was free from hypertension and hypokalemia without any medications. Since branch artery fibromuscular dysplasia is sometimes difficult to diagnose, contrast-enhanced computed tomography can be a promising diagnostic tool as shown in this case. Concerning treatment, our patient was treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, which should be considered for women of reproductive age because recommended antihypertensive medications can be teratogenic even in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Learning points
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Although branch artery fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is sometimes difficult to diagnose, it should be considered in patients with high-renin, high-aldosterone hypertension.
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Branch artery FMD can present with a low-density area of the kidney on contrast-enhanced computed tomography, as shown in this case.
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Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) can be an appropriate treatment for branch artery FMD, especially in young female patients.
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PTA may immediately improve hypertension and hypokalemia without the need for medications.
Search for other papers by Václav Hána Jr in
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Search for other papers by Tomáš Brutvan in
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Search for other papers by Adéla Krausová in
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Search for other papers by Michal Kršek in
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Search for other papers by Václav Hána in
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Summary
Severe Cushing’s syndrome from an ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing tumour is rare but often demands rapid diagnostics and treatment of hypercortisolism with its comorbidities. Pharmacotherapy of hypercortisolism by ketoconazole, metyrapone and osilodrostat is currently available. If unsuccessful or insufficient a bilateral adrenalectomy is an option. We present a 28-year-old female with severe Cushing’s syndrome caused by a bronchial metastatic neuroendocrine tumour (NET). Hypercortisolism was efficiently treated by osilodrostat with block–replace and then titration regimen. A once-daily dose was finally used with normalised cortisol levels. Androgen levels measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry were slightly elevated during the treatment but without any symptoms. A simple once-daily use of osilodrostat with titration regimen led to normalised cortisol levels in a severe Cushing’s syndrome patient with an uncurable bronchial NET. Transient hypocortisolism during treatment appeared but was easily treated by hydrocortisone.
Learning points
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Cushing’s syndrome from an ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing tumour is rare.
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Cortisol upregulation is often severe and rapid, though clinical signs are not always fully pronounced.
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Rapid treatment is a key for preventing and reducing complications such as fractures, thromboembolism, bleeding, hyperglycaemia, and arterial hypertension.
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The novel potent steroidogenesis inhibitor osilodrostat can be used as first-line treatment for reducing hypercortisolism.
Search for other papers by Andreia Amado in
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IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Elisabete Teixeira in
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IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Amélia Tavares in
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Search for other papers by Carlos Soares in
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Search for other papers by Manuel Oliveira in
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IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Paula Soares in
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IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Manuel Sobrinho Simões in
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i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Antónia Afonso Póvoa in
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Summary
We report a 61-year-old male patient without personal history of thyroid carcinoma or radiation exposure. In 2011, he presented with a cervical mass whose biopsy diagnosed a papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in a lymph node metastasis (LNM). Total thyroidectomy with lymphadenectomy of central and ipsilateral compartment was performed. Histopathology identified a 2 mm follicular variant of PTC and LNM in 25/25 lymph nodes. The patient was treated with 150 mCi of radioactive iodine (RAI), followed by levothyroxine suppressive therapy. In 2016, a retrotracheal mass was diagnosed, suggesting local recurrence; patient was submitted to surgical excision and RAI therapy (120 mCi). Due to seizures, in 2019, a brain CT was performed that diagnosed brain metastases. The patient underwent debulking of the main lesion. Histopathology analysis confirmed a metastatic lesion with variated morphology: classical PTC and follicular pattern and hobnail and tall cell features. Molecular analysis revealed BRAFV600E in LNM at presentation and BRAFV600E and TERT promoter (TERTp) mutations in the recurrent LNM and brain metastasis. Based upon this experience we review the reported cases of subcentimetric PTC with brain metastases and discuss the molecular progression of the present case.
Learning points
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Papillary microcarcinoma (PMCs) usually have very good prognosis with low impact on patient survival.
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PMCs presenting in elderly patients with LNM at diagnosis may carry a guarded outcome.
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Brain metastasis although rare indicate aggressive phenotypic features.
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Patient risk stratification of PMCs based on histopathological analysis and genetic testing may have a significant impact on prognosis providing therapeutic markers, that may predict disease progression and overall outcome.
Search for other papers by Muneo Kawasumi in
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Search for other papers by Tadahiro Tokunaga in
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Summary
This is a report on antithyroid arthritis syndrome (AAS) which is a rare adverse effect of antithyroid agents. AAS presents with severe symptoms including myalgia, arthralgia, arthritis, fever, and skin eruption due to the use of antithyroid agents. We encountered a 55-year-old woman with severe pain in the hand and forearm and arthralgia in multiple joints, including the knee, ankle, hand, and wrist on day 23 after initiation of methimazole (MMI) for Graves’ disease. Blood tests revealed elevated inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, and magnetic resonance imaging of the hands confirmed inflammation findings. After withdrawing MMI on day 25, symptoms showed a tendency toward improvement. Afterwards, inflammation markers also dropped to an almost normal range. In addition to the above findings, the absence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and most vasculitis symptoms such as nephritis, skin, or pulmonary lesions led to the diagnosis of AAS. A resolution of symptoms, except for mild arthralgia in the second to fourth fingers of the right hand, was observed 61 days after discontinuation of MMI. Although the pathogenesis is unclear, the positive drug lymphocyte stimulation test for MMI and the several weeks before the onset of AAS suggested involvement of a type IV allergic reaction. Based on a discussion of definitive treatment for Graves’ disease, radioactive iodine ablation with 131I, which was selected by the patient, was performed and improved her thyroid function. Our case demonstrates the importance of awareness regarding AAS, which is a rare and under-recognized, but life-threatening adverse effect of antithyroid agents.
Learning points
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Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of developing antithyroid arthritis syndrome (AAS) in patients treated with antithyroid medications, which can lead to severe migratory polyarthritis.
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Prompt cessation of the antithyroid agent is essential for the resolution of AAS.
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Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) negativity is needed to differentiate from antithyroid agent-induced ANCA-associated vasculitis, which shows arthritis similar to AAS.
Search for other papers by Geoffrey Chek Fei Yu in
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Search for other papers by Ming-kut Tay in
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Search for other papers by Joanna Yuet-ling Tung in
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Summary
17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17α-OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We report the case of a teenage girl with 17α-OHD who presented with delayed puberty, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and hypertension. We illustrate the clinical approach in workup, the subsequent management and monitoring of this rare condition.
Learning points
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17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17α-OHD) should be considered as a rare yet important differential diagnosis of girls with delayed puberty and elevated gonadotropins.
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Urine steroid profile, plasma aldosterone and renin levels should be assessed in adolescent girls with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, after the exclusion of more common conditions, e.g. Turner syndrome.
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Inhibiting deoxycorticosterone (DOC) release by partial glucocorticoid replacement, counteracting DOC’s mineralocorticoid effects by antagonists (such as eplerenone or spironolactone) as well as sex hormone replacements constitute the major backbone in the management of 17α-OHD.
Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
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Search for other papers by Fernando Arturo Silva Henao in
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Search for other papers by Fernando Leal Valencia in
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Summary
Pancreatic dysgenesis (PD) is a rare congenital disease, with less than 100 cases reported in the literature. In most cases, patients are asymptomatic and the diagnosis is made incidentally. In this report, we present the case of two brothers with a history of intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, hyperglycemia, and poor weight gain. The diagnosis of PD and neonatal diabetes mellitus was made by an interdisciplinary team composed of an endocrinologist, a gastroenterologist, and a geneticist. Once the diagnosis was made, treatment with an insulin pump, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, and supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins was decided. The use of the insulin infusion pump facilitated the outpatient treatment of both patients.
Learning points
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Pancreatic dysgenesis is a relatively rare congenital anomaly; most of the time, patients are asymptomatic and are diagnosed incidentally.
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The diagnosis of pancreatic dysgenesis and neonatal diabetes mellitus should be made with an interdisciplinary team.
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Due to its flexibility, the use of an insulin infusion pump facilitated the management of these two patients.
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Search for other papers by Graeme B Martin in
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Summary
A 33-year-old man with Kallmann syndrome had received pulsatile GnRH as an infant for the treatment of cryptorchidism. As an adult, his treatment for fertility with gonadotrophins was unusually rapid compared with expectations, with a total sperm count of 25 million after only 12 months of gonadotrophin therapy. We propose that pulsatile GnRH treatment as an infant induced minipuberty and facilitated his successful, rapid response to therapy. We also propose that identification of the absence of minipuberty in infants with clinical signs suggesting congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (CHH) is an opportunity for intervention with pulsatile GnRH yielding benefits for fertility decades later.
Learning points
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Absence of minipuberty in males with CHH results in low Sertoli cell numbers and delayed response to induction of spermatogenesis in adulthood.
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Presentation with 'red flags' for androgen deficiency including cryptorchidism at birth, with or without micropenis, should prompt screening for CHH and minipuberty by measurement of gonadotrophins and testosterone in the first 2 months after birth.
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Pulsatile GnRH therapy in patients with CHH, given prior to age of attainment of Sertoli cell maturation, can replicate the normal physiology of minipuberty, thereby priming the testis for future fertility.
Search for other papers by Rikako Nakajima in
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Summary
Unawareness of postprandial hypoglycemia for 5 years was identified in a 66-year-old man at a local clinic. The patient was referred to our hospital because of this first awareness of hypoglycemia (i.e. lightheadedness and impaired consciousness) developing after lunch. In a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, the plasma glucose concentration was decreased to 32 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) at 150 min with relatively high concentrations of insulin (8.1 μU/mL), proinsulin (70.3 pmol/L), and C-peptide (4.63 ng/mL). In a prolonged fasting test, the plasma glucose concentration was decreased to 43 mg/dL (2.4 mmol/L) at 66 h with an insulin concentration of 1.4 μU/mL and a C-peptide concentration of 0.49 ng/mL. Computed tomography showed an 18 mm hyperenhancing tumor in the uncinate process of the pancreas. A selective arterial calcium stimulation test showed an elevated serum insulin concentration in the superior mesenteric artery. The patient was then diagnosed with insulinoma and received pancreaticoduodenectomy. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) using the Dexcom G6 system showed unawareness of hypoglycemia mainly during the daytime before surgery. When the sensor glucose value was reduced to 55 mg/dL (3.1 mmol/L), the Dexcom G6 system emitted an urgent low glucose alarm to the patient four times for 10 days. Two months after surgery, an overall increase in daily blood glucose concentrations and resolution of hypoglycemia were shown by CGM. We report a case of insulinoma with unawareness of postprandial hypoglycemia in the patient. The Dexcom G6 system was helpful for assessing preoperative hypoglycemia and for evaluating outcomes of treatment by surgery.
Learning points
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Insulinoma occasionally leads to postprandial hypoglycemia.
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The CGM system is useful for revealing the presence of unnoticed hypoglycemia and for evaluating treatment outcomes after surgical resection.
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The Dexcom G6 system has an urgent low glucose alarm, making it particularly suitable for patients who are unaware of hypoglycemia.