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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (181)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (180)
      • Adipose tissue (3)
      • Adrenal (33)
      • Bone (25)
      • Duodenum (5)
      • Heart (3)
      • Hypothalamus (3)
      • Kidney (16)
      • Liver (5)
      • Ovaries (4)
      • Pancreas (31)
      • Parathyroid (45)
      • Pituitary (30)
      • Stomach (3)
      • Testes (2)
      • Thymus (1)
      • Thyroid (27)
    • Open Section Topic (169)
      • Adrenal (28)
      • Andrology (1)
      • Bone (25)
      • Cardiovascular endocrinology (2)
      • Diabetes (22)
      • Endocrine disruptors (1)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (17)
      • Genetics and mutation (6)
      • Gynaecological endocrinology (2)
      • Mineral (5)
      • Neuroendocrinology (7)
      • Obesity (1)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (2)
      • Pituitary (23)
      • Thyroid (25)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (8)
      • Vitamin D (1)
    • Open Section Hormone (140)
      • 17OHP (1)
      • ACTH (15)
      • Adrenaline (2)
      • Aldosterone (9)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Androsterone (1)
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (2)
      • AVP (2)
      • big IGF2 (1)
      • Calcitonin (9)
      • Calcitriol (5)
      • Cortisol (20)
      • DHEA (2)
      • Dihydrotestosterone (1)
      • FGF23 (4)
      • FSH (11)
      • Gastrin (2)
      • GH (12)
      • GHRH (2)
      • GLP1 (1)
      • GLP2 (1)
      • Glucagon (4)
      • Glucocorticoids (5)
      • GNRH (1)
      • Gonadotropins (1)
      • HCG (1)
      • IGF1 (13)
      • IGF2 (2)
      • Insulin (31)
      • LH (14)
      • Metanephrines (7)
      • Mineralocorticoids (1)
      • Noradrenaline (4)
      • Normetanephrine (8)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (4)
      • Oestrogens (2)
      • Oxyntomodulin (1)
      • Progesterone (1)
      • Prolactin (11)
      • PTH (48)
      • Renin (3)
      • Somatostatin (1)
      • Testosterone (12)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (22)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (10)
      • TSH (21)
      • Vitamin D (2)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (164)
      • Acromegaly (8)
      • Addisonian crisis (1)
      • Addison's disease (2)
      • Adenocarcinoma (2)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (8)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (6)
      • Amenorrhoea (primary) (2)
      • Amenorrhoea (secondary) (2)
      • Amyloidosis (1)
      • Anaemia (1)
      • Autoimmune disorders (1)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (2)
      • Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (1)
      • Breast cancer (1)
      • Brown tumour (5)
      • CASR gene mutation (1)
      • C-cell hyperplasia (2)
      • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (1)
      • Congenital hyperinsulinism (1)
      • Conn's syndrome (1)
      • Corticotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Craniopharyngioma (1)
      • Cushing's disease (2)
      • Cushing's syndrome (8)
      • Diabetes insipidus - gestational (1)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (7)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (7)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (8)
      • Diabetic foot syndrome (1)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (4)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (3)
      • Diverticular disease (1)
      • Down syndrome (1)
      • Eating disorders (1)
      • Ectopic ACTH syndrome (1)
      • Ectopic parathyroid adenoma (1)
      • Empty sella syndrome (1)
      • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (4)
      • Fractures (1)
      • Functional parathyroid cyst (1)
      • Gastrinoma (2)
      • Gestational diabetes mellitus (3)
      • Gigantism (1)
      • Gitelman syndrome (1)
      • Glucagonoma (3)
      • Goitre (multinodular) (3)
      • Gonadal dysgenesis (1)
      • Graves' disease (4)
      • Graves' ophthalmopathy (2)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (childhood onset) (2)
      • Gynaecomastia (1)
      • Haemorrhage (1)
      • Hemihypertrophy (1)
      • Hepatitis C (1)
      • Hereditary multiple osteochondroma (1)
      • Hyperaldosteronism (4)
      • Hyperandrogenism (1)
      • Hypercalcaemia (25)
      • Hyperglucogonaemia (1)
      • Hyperglycaemia (8)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (2)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (6)
      • Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (3)
      • Hyperkalaemia (4)
      • Hypernatraemia (4)
      • Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (1)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (primary) (28)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (secondary) (1)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (tertiary) (1)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (2)
      • Hypersexuality (1)
      • Hypertension (10)
      • Hyperthyroidism (6)
      • Hypocalcaemia (9)
      • Hypoglycaemia (13)
      • Hypogonadism (4)
      • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (6)
      • Hypokalaemia (7)
      • Hyponatraemia (7)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (3)
      • Hypophosphataemia (7)
      • Hypophysitis (5)
      • Hypopituitarism (3)
      • Hypothyroidism (10)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (7)
      • IgG4–related systemic disease (2)
      • Incidentaloma (1)
      • Infertility (1)
      • Insulin autoimmune syndrome (1)
      • Insulin resistance (1)
      • Insulinoma (5)
      • Intrauterine growth retardation (1)
      • Klinefelter syndrome (2)
      • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) (1)
      • Lipomatosis (1)
      • Liver failure (1)
      • Lung metastases (2)
      • Lymphadenopathy (2)
      • Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (1)
      • McKittrick-Wheelock Syndrome (1)
      • Medullary thyroid cancer (4)
      • MEN1 (10)
      • MEN2A (2)
      • Metabolic acidosis (2)
      • Metastatic carcinoma (6)
      • Metastatic gastrinoma (1)
      • Metastatic melanoma (1)
      • Metastatic tumour (1)
      • Microadenoma (1)
      • Microprolactinoma (1)
      • Motor neurone disease (1)
      • Myocardial infarction (2)
      • Myositis (1)
      • Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (1)
      • Neonatal diabetes (2)
      • Nephrolithiasis (2)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (17)
      • Neurofibromatosis (1)
      • Nodular hyperplasia (1)
      • Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (1)
      • Non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia (1)
      • Obesity (2)
      • Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (1)
      • Osteogenesis imperfecta (1)
      • Osteomalacia (5)
      • Osteoporosis (9)
      • Osteosclerosis (1)
      • Paget’s disease (1)
      • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (2)
      • Pancreatitis (4)
      • Panhypopituitarism (3)
      • Papillary thyroid cancer (6)
      • Paraganglioma (3)
      • Paranasal sinus lesion (1)
      • Paraneoplastic syndromes (5)
      • Parathyroid adenoma (20)
      • Parathyroid carcinoma (5)
      • Parathyroid cyst (2)
      • Parathroid hyperplasia (3)
      • Phaeochromocytoma (10)
      • Pituitary adenoma (13)
      • Pituitary apoplexy (1)
      • Pituitary carcinoma (1)
      • Pituitary cyst (2)
      • Pituitary haemorrhage (1)
      • Pituitary hyperplasia (2)
      • Pituitary tumour (malignant) (2)
      • Plurihormonal pituitary adenoma (1)
      • POEMS syndrome (1)
      • Pneumonia (1)
      • Post-prandial hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Pregnancy (2)
      • Premature ovarian failure (1)
      • Prostate cancer (2)
      • Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (2)
      • Pseudohypoparathyroidism (1)
      • Puberty (delayed or absent) (1)
      • Pulmonary oedema (1)
      • Rhabdomyolysis (1)
      • Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
      • Sellar reossification (1)
      • Sexual development disorders (1)
      • Short stature (1)
      • SIADH (1)
      • Small intestine neuroendocrine tumour (1)
      • Solitary fibrous tumour (1)
      • Solitary sellar plasmacytoma (2)
      • Somatotrophic adenoma (2)
      • Systemic lupus erythematosus (1)
      • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (1)
      • Thyroid cyst (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (1)
      • Thyroid storm (3)
      • Thyroiditis (3)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (5)
      • Thyrotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Tuberculosis (1)
      • Tumour-induced osteomalacia (5)
      • Urolithiasis (1)
      • Xanthogranulomatous hypophysitis (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (181)
    • Open Section Age (181)
      • Adolescent/young adult (28)
      • Adult (122)
      • Geriatric (15)
      • Neonatal (7)
      • Paediatric (15)
      • Pregnant adult (7)
    • Open Section Gender (181)
      • Female (116)
      • Male (77)
    • Open Section Ethnicity (181)
      • American Indian or Alaska Native (1)
      • Asian - Bangladeshi (1)
      • Asian - Chinese (6)
      • Asian - Filipino (1)
      • Asian - Indian (4)
      • Asian - Japanese (13)
      • Asian - Korean (1)
      • Asian - Pakistani (2)
      • Asian - other (8)
      • Black - African (7)
      • Black - Caribbean (1)
      • Black - other (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Central American or South American (3)
      • Hispanic or Latino - other (1)
      • Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander (2)
      • White (129)
      • Other (3)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (175)
      • Albania (1)
      • Argentina (1)
      • Australia (23)
      • Brazil (2)
      • Canada (5)
      • China (1)
      • Denmark (3)
      • Finland (1)
      • France (2)
      • Germany (8)
      • Greece (7)
      • Hong Kong (2)
      • India (2)
      • Iran, Islamic Republic of (2)
      • Ireland (3)
      • Israel (1)
      • Italy (10)
      • Japan (12)
      • Korea, Republic of (1)
      • Lebanon (1)
      • Netherlands (2)
      • New Zealand (2)
      • Nigeria (1)
      • Poland (1)
      • Portugal (8)
      • Russian Federation (3)
      • Saudi Arabia (1)
      • Singapore (2)
      • Spain (9)
      • Sri Lanka (1)
      • Switzerland (1)
      • Thailand (1)
      • Tunisia (1)
      • Turkey (1)
      • United Kingdom (38)
      • United States (16)
      • Uruguay (1)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (167)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (162)
      • Abdominal adiposity (1)
      • Abdominal distension (1)
      • Abdominal cramp (1)
      • Abdominal discomfort (2)
      • Abdominal pain (17)
      • Abdominal tenderness (1)
      • Abnormal posture (1)
      • Abdominal wall defects (1)
      • Acne (1)
      • Aggression (1)
      • Agitation (2)
      • Albuminuria (1)
      • Alopecia (1)
      • Altered level of consciousness (1)
      • Amenorrhoea (8)
      • Anaemia (3)
      • Anorexia (7)
      • Anxiety (5)
      • Appendicitis (1)
      • Appetite increase (1)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (11)
      • Arthralgia (5)
      • Asthenia (2)
      • Atrial fibrillation (4)
      • Autism (1)
      • Back pain (10)
      • Behavioural problems (1)
      • Bitemporal hemianopsia (1)
      • Bloating (2)
      • Bone fracture(s) (5)
      • Bone lesions (3)
      • Bone pain (7)
      • Bony metastases (1)
      • Bowel movements - bleeding (1)
      • Bowel obstruction (1)
      • Brachydactyly (2)
      • Bradycardia (2)
      • Breathing difficulties (3)
      • Buffalo hump (1)
      • Cachexia (2)
      • Calcification (1)
      • Cardiogenic shock (3)
      • Cardiomegaly (1)
      • Cardiomyopathy (4)
      • Cataract(s) (1)
      • Central obesity (1)
      • Cervical pain (1)
      • Chemosis (1)
      • Chest pain (7)
      • Chondrocalcinosis (1)
      • Cirrhosis (1)
      • Citraturia (1)
      • Coagulopathy (1)
      • Collapse (2)
      • Coma (1)
      • Concentration difficulties (3)
      • Confusion (5)
      • Constipation (10)
      • Convulsions (1)
      • Coughing (6)
      • Cramps (7)
      • Craniofacial abnormalities (1)
      • Cryptorchidism (1)
      • Cutaneous pigmentation (3)
      • Dehydration (3)
      • Delayed puberty (3)
      • Delirium (2)
      • Depression (4)
      • Diabetes insipidus (4)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (7)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (8)
      • Diabetic neuropathy (1)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (2)
      • Diabetic foot neuropathy (1)
      • Diabetic foot ulceration (2)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (4)
      • Diarrhoea (9)
      • Diplopia (4)
      • Dizziness (9)
      • Dysarthria (1)
      • Dyslipidaemia (1)
      • Dyspareunia (1)
      • Dysphagia (4)
      • Dysphonia (2)
      • Dyspnoea (11)
      • Dysuria (1)
      • Ecchymoses (2)
      • Enlarged prostate (1)
      • Epilepsy (1)
      • Erectile dysfunction (4)
      • Erythema (2)
      • Eyelid swelling (1)
      • Eyes - inflammation (1)
      • Eyes - irritation (1)
      • Eyes - redness (1)
      • Eyes - watering (1)
      • Face - coarse features (2)
      • Facial fullness (2)
      • Facial palsy (1)
      • Facial plethora (2)
      • Facies - abnormal (2)
      • Facies - moon (2)
      • Failure to thrive (3)
      • Fatigue (39)
      • Feet - increased size (3)
      • Flatulence (1)
      • Flushing (1)
      • Frontal bossing (1)
      • Galactorrhoea (1)
      • Genu valgum (1)
      • Gestational diabetes (2)
      • Glucosuria (1)
      • Goitre (10)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (1)
      • Growth retardation (4)
      • Gynaecomastia (4)
      • Haematuria (3)
      • Haemoptysis (2)
      • Hallucination (1)
      • Hands - enlargement (3)
      • Hands - large (1)
      • Head - large (1)
      • Headache (18)
      • Hearing loss (1)
      • Heart failure (4)
      • Heart murmur (2)
      • Heat intolerance (3)
      • Hemianopia (1)
      • Hepatic metastases (1)
      • Hepatomegaly (4)
      • Hirsutism (3)
      • Hot flushes (2)
      • Hyperactivity (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (1)
      • Hypercalcaemia (34)
      • Hypercalciuria (5)
      • Hypercholesterolaemia (2)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (4)
      • Hyperglucagonaemia (2)
      • Hyperglycaemia (10)
      • Hyperhidrosis (7)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (7)
      • Hyperkalaemia (6)
      • Hypernatraemia (5)
      • Hyperoxaluria (1)
      • Hyperpigmentation (5)
      • Hyperplasia (2)
      • Hyperpnoea (1)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (2)
      • Hypersomnia (1)
      • Hypertension (21)
      • Hyperthyroidism (8)
      • Hypertrichosis (2)
      • Hypertrophy (1)
      • Hyperventilation (2)
      • Hypoalbuminaemia (2)
      • Hypocalciuria (6)
      • Hypoglycaemia (16)
      • Hypogonadism (13)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (1)
      • Hypokalaemia (12)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (4)
      • Hyponatraemia (11)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (4)
      • Hypophosphataemia (13)
      • Hypopituitarism (3)
      • Hypotension (12)
      • Hypothyroidism (7)
      • Hypotonia (2)
      • Hypovitaminosis D (3)
      • Hypovolaemia (1)
      • Hypoxia (1)
      • Immunodeficiency (1)
      • Insomnia (1)
      • Insulin resistance (2)
      • Irritability (2)
      • Jaundice (4)
      • Kidney stones (5)
      • Kyphosis (1)
      • Leg pain (6)
      • Leukocytosis (5)
      • Libido increase (1)
      • Libido reduction/loss (4)
      • Liver masses (1)
      • Lymphadenitis (4)
      • Macroglossia (1)
      • Malaise (4)
      • Mania (1)
      • Mastalgia (1)
      • Menstrual disorder (1)
      • Metabolic acidosis (5)
      • Metabolic alkalosis (4)
      • Micropenis (1)
      • Mood changes/swings (2)
      • Muscle atrophy (2)
      • Myalgia (4)
      • Myasthaenia (21)
      • Myeloma (2)
      • Myocardial infarction (3)
      • Myopathy (5)
      • Myxoedema (1)
      • Nausea (18)
      • Neck mass (5)
      • Neck pain/discomfort (3)
      • Necrolytic migratory erythema (2)
      • Nephrocalcinosis (4)
      • Nephropathy (1)
      • Neurofibromas (1)
      • Nipples widely spaced (1)
      • Nocturia (2)
      • Normochromic normocytic anaemia (5)
      • Nose - depressed bridge (1)
      • Obesity (9)
      • Obstructive sleep apnoea (1)
      • Oedema (11)
      • Oliguria (1)
      • Orthostatic hypotension (1)
      • Osteoarthritis (1)
      • Osteomalacia (5)
      • Osteopenia (9)
      • Osteoporosis (10)
      • Osteosclerosis (2)
      • Palpitations (13)
      • Pancreatic fibrosis (1)
      • Pancreatitis (3)
      • Pancytopaenia (2)
      • Paraesthesia (9)
      • Paralysis (1)
      • Peptic ulcer (1)
      • Periosteal bone reactions (1)
      • Peripheral oedema (5)
      • Phosphaturia (2)
      • Photophobia (2)
      • Pneumonia (2)
      • Polycythaemia (1)
      • Polydipsia (19)
      • Polyuria (19)
      • Premature birth (1)
      • Premature labour (1)
      • Prognathism (4)
      • Proptosis (3)
      • Proteinuria (6)
      • Pruritus (1)
      • Psychosis (2)
      • Ptosis (1)
      • Puberty (delayed/absent) (2)
      • Pyrexia (9)
      • Pyrosis (2)
      • Rash (2)
      • Renal colic (1)
      • Renal cyst (1)
      • Renal failure (3)
      • Renal insufficiency (4)
      • Renal phosphate wasting (isolated) (2)
      • Renal tubular acidosis (1)
      • Respiratory failure (2)
      • Retinopathy (3)
      • Salt wasting (1)
      • Sarcoidosis (2)
      • Scoliosis (1)
      • Seizures (11)
      • Shivering (1)
      • Short stature (6)
      • Skeletal deformity (2)
      • Skin - texture change (2)
      • Skin thinning (1)
      • Sleep disturbance (2)
      • Slow growth (3)
      • Somnolence (3)
      • Spasms (1)
      • Splenomegaly (4)
      • Striae (2)
      • Supraclavicular fat pads (2)
      • Sweating (4)
      • Syncope (4)
      • Tachycardia (18)
      • Teeth gapping (1)
      • T-reflex (depressed) (1)
      • Tetany (5)
      • Thermodysregulation (1)
      • Thrombocytopenia (3)
      • Thrombocytosis (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (3)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (3)
      • Tremulousness (10)
      • Tricuspid insufficiency (1)
      • Urinary frequency (1)
      • Uterus duplex (1)
      • Ventricular fibrillation (1)
      • Ventricular hypertrophy (4)
      • Vertigo (1)
      • Vision - acuity reduction (1)
      • Vision - blurred (3)
      • Visual disturbance (2)
      • Visual field defect (1)
      • Visual impairment (2)
      • Vomiting (22)
      • Weight gain (12)
      • Weight loss (21)
      • Wheezing (1)
      • Xerostomia (2)
    • Open Section Investigation (167)
      • 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy mandelic acid (1)
      • 17OHP (1)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (16)
      • 5HIAA (2)
      • Aberrant adrenal receptors (1)
      • Acid-base balance (2)
      • ACTH (19)
      • ACTH stimulation (12)
      • Activated partial thromboplastin time (1)
      • Adrenal antibodies (4)
      • Adrenal function (2)
      • Adrenal scintigraphy (1)
      • Adrenal venous sampling (2)
      • AFP tumour marker (1)
      • Alanine aminotransferase (6)
      • Albumin (9)
      • Albumin to creatinine ratio (1)
      • Aldosterone (24-hour urine) (2)
      • Aldosterone (blood) (5)
      • Aldosterone (plasma) (2)
      • Aldosterone (serum) (2)
      • Aldosterone to renin ratio (3)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (22)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (bone-specific) (3)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (1)
      • Ammonia (2)
      • Amylase (1)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Angiography (8)
      • Anion gap (1)
      • Anti-acetylcholine antibodies (1)
      • Anti-insulin antibodies (3)
      • Anti-GH antibodies (2)
      • Antinuclear antibody (1)
      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (2)
      • Bicarbonate (10)
      • Bilirubin (3)
      • Biopsy (4)
      • Blood film (1)
      • Blood pressure (15)
      • BMI (8)
      • Body fat mass (1)
      • Bone age (3)
      • Bone biopsy (7)
      • Bone mineral content (1)
      • Bone mineral density (15)
      • Bone mineral density test (1)
      • Bone scintigraphy (6)
      • Brain natriuretic peptide (4)
      • C1NP (2)
      • C3 complement (2)
      • C4 complement (2)
      • CA125 (1)
      • Calcifediol (2)
      • Calcitonin (7)
      • Calcitriol (5)
      • Calcium (serum) (64)
      • Calcium (urine) (26)
      • Calcium to creatinine clearance ratio (10)
      • Carcinoembryonic antigen (3)
      • Cardiac index (1)
      • Catecholamines (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Catecholamines (plasma) (1)
      • CD-56 (2)
      • Chloride (5)
      • Chromogranin A (15)
      • Chromosomal analysis (3)
      • Clonidine suppression (1)
      • Colonoscopy (2)
      • Continuous glucose monitoring (1)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (1)
      • Cortisol (9)
      • Cortisol (9am) (6)
      • Cortisol (plasma) (1)
      • Cortisol (midnight) (2)
      • Cortisol (salivary) (1)
      • Cortisol (serum) (7)
      • Cortisol day curve (1)
      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (7)
      • C-peptide (24-hour urine) (2)
      • C-peptide (blood) (17)
      • C-reactive protein (6)
      • Creatinine (11)
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