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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (126)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (124)
      • Adipose tissue (6)
      • Adrenal (18)
      • Bone (5)
      • Duodenum (4)
      • Heart (2)
      • Hypothalamus (3)
      • Kidney (7)
      • Liver (6)
      • Ovaries (3)
      • Pancreas (63)
      • Parathyroid (4)
      • Pituitary (25)
      • Skin (3)
      • Stomach (3)
      • Testes (4)
      • Thyroid (6)
    • Open Section Topic (123)
      • Adrenal (17)
      • Andrology (3)
      • Autoimmunity (2)
      • Bone (4)
      • Diabetes (54)
      • Emergency (1)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (11)
      • Genetics and mutation (3)
      • Gynaecological endocrinology (2)
      • Neuroendocrinology (3)
      • Obesity (5)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (2)
      • Pituitary (17)
      • Thyroid (4)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (4)
      • Vitamin D (1)
    • Open Section Hormone (103)
      • 17OHP (1)
      • ACTH (16)
      • Aldosterone (6)
      • Androgens (2)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (2)
      • AVP (2)
      • big IGF2 (1)
      • Calcitonin (1)
      • Cortisol (22)
      • Cortisone (1)
      • DHEA (3)
      • Dihydrotestosterone (1)
      • FSH (9)
      • Gastrin (1)
      • GH (10)
      • GLP1 (3)
      • GLP2 (2)
      • Glucagon (7)
      • Glucocorticoids (4)
      • HCG (1)
      • IGF1 (12)
      • IGF2 (4)
      • Insulin (69)
      • Leptin (1)
      • LH (10)
      • Metanephrines (2)
      • Oxyntomodulin (1)
      • Peptide YY (1)
      • Pregnenolone (1)
      • Procalcitonin (1)
      • Progesterone (1)
      • Prolactin (8)
      • PTH (3)
      • Renin (5)
      • Somatostatin (2)
      • Testosterone (13)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (11)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (4)
      • TSH (13)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (111)
      • 49XXXXY syndrome (1)
      • Abscess (1)
      • Acanthosis Nigricans (1)
      • Acromegaly (5)
      • Addisonian crisis (1)
      • Addison's disease (1)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (8)
      • Adrenal salt-wasting crisis (1)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (4)
      • Anaemia (1)
      • Aneuploidy (1)
      • Asthma (1)
      • Autoimmune disorders (13)
      • Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (1)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (4)
      • Carney complex (1)
      • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2)
      • Congenital hyperinsulinism (2)
      • Corticotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Cushing's disease (3)
      • Cushing's syndrome (7)
      • Diabetes insipidus - gestational (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (4)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (22)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (16)
      • Diabetic foot syndrome (3)
      • Diabetic hypoglycaemia (1)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (10)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (3)
      • Diverticular disease (1)
      • Down syndrome (1)
      • Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (1)
      • Fetal demise (1)
      • Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (1)
      • GCK mutation (1)
      • Gestational diabetes mellitus (3)
      • Gitelman syndrome (1)
      • Glucagonoma (2)
      • Glycogen storage disease (1)
      • Goitre (multinodular) (1)
      • Gonadal dysgenesis (1)
      • Granuloma (1)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (childhood onset) (1)
      • Hashimoto’s disease (1)
      • Hyperaldosteronism (4)
      • Hyperglucogonaemia (2)
      • Hyperglycaemia (16)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (2)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (10)
      • Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (6)
      • Hyperkalaemia (3)
      • Hypernatraemia (2)
      • Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (1)
      • Hypersexuality (1)
      • Hypertension (6)
      • Hyperthyroidism (4)
      • Hypocalcaemia (2)
      • Hypoglycaemia (28)
      • Hypoglycaemic coma (1)
      • Hypogonadism (5)
      • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (3)
      • Hypokalaemia (5)
      • Hyponatraemia (6)
      • Hypophysitis (5)
      • Hypopituitarism (4)
      • Hypothyroidism (6)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (6)
      • IgG4–related systemic disease (2)
      • Infertility (1)
      • Insulin autoimmune syndrome (6)
      • Insulin resistance (7)
      • Insulinoma (6)
      • Intracranial vasospasm (1)
      • Intrauterine growth retardation (2)
      • Ischaemic heart disease (1)
      • Ketoacidosis (1)
      • Klinefelter syndrome (2)
      • Leg ulcer (2)
      • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) (2)
      • Lipodystrophy (2)
      • Lipomatosis (1)
      • Lymphadenopathy (1)
      • Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (1)
      • Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) (1)
      • McKittrick-Wheelock Syndrome (1)
      • MEN1 (2)
      • Metabolic acidosis (3)
      • Metastatic carcinoma (3)
      • Metastatic melanoma (1)
      • Microadenoma (1)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (1)
      • Neonatal diabetes (2)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (10)
      • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1)
      • Non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Noonan syndrome (1)
      • Obesity (5)
      • Osteomyelitis (1)
      • Paget’s disease (1)
      • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (3)
      • Pancreatitis (4)
      • Panhypopituitarism (1)
      • Paraneoplastic syndromes (2)
      • PCOS (1)
      • Phaeochromocytoma (2)
      • Pituitary adenoma (9)
      • Pituitary apoplexy (1)
      • Pituitary cyst (1)
      • Pituitary haemorrhage (1)
      • Pituitary hyperplasia (1)
      • Plurihormonal pituitary adenoma (1)
      • POEMS syndrome (1)
      • Pneumonia (2)
      • Post-prandial hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Pre-eclampsia (1)
      • Pregnancy (3)
      • Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (1)
      • Pseudohypoparathyroidism (1)
      • Puberty (delayed or absent) (1)
      • Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
      • Sexual development disorders (1)
      • Short stature (1)
      • SIADH (1)
      • Small-cell carcinoma (1)
      • Solitary fibrous tumour (1)
      • Subcutaneous insulin resistance (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (1)
      • Thyroiditis (3)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (1)
      • Thyrotrophic adenoma (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (126)
    • Open Section Age (126)
      • Adolescent/young adult (14)
      • Adult (88)
      • Geriatric (11)
      • Neonatal (5)
      • Paediatric (7)
      • Pregnant adult (4)
    • Open Section Gender (124)
      • Female (70)
      • Male (60)
    • Open Section Ethnicity (126)
      • Asian - Chinese (6)
      • Asian - Indian (4)
      • Asian - Japanese (15)
      • Asian - Korean (1)
      • Asian - Pakistani (1)
      • Asian - Vietnamese (1)
      • Asian - other (9)
      • Black - African (5)
      • Black - Caribbean (1)
      • Black - other (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Central American or South American (3)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano (2)
      • Hispanic or Latino - other (1)
      • White (75)
      • Other (2)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (123)
      • Australia (12)
      • Brazil (2)
      • Canada (2)
      • Croatia (1)
      • Denmark (2)
      • France (2)
      • Germany (4)
      • Greece (3)
      • Hong Kong (1)
      • India (3)
      • Iran, Islamic Republic of (1)
      • Ireland (2)
      • Israel (1)
      • Italy (10)
      • Japan (15)
      • Korea, Republic of (1)
      • Malaysia (2)
      • Mexico (1)
      • Morocco (1)
      • Nigeria (1)
      • Peru (2)
      • Poland (2)
      • Portugal (6)
      • Russian Federation (1)
      • Saudi Arabia (1)
      • Singapore (2)
      • Spain (4)
      • Sweden (1)
      • Taiwan, Province of China (2)
      • Tunisia (1)
      • Turkey (1)
      • United Kingdom (24)
      • United States (10)
      • Venezuela (1)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (111)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (108)
      • Abdominal adiposity (1)
      • Abdominal distension (1)
      • Abdominal lump (1)
      • Abdominal pain (10)
      • Abdominal tenderness (2)
      • Acanthosis nigricans (3)
      • Acne (1)
      • Aggression (1)
      • Alopecia (3)
      • Altered level of consciousness (4)
      • Ambiguous genitalia (1)
      • Amenorrhoea (4)
      • Amnesia (3)
      • Anaemia (4)
      • Anorexia (4)
      • Anxiety (4)
      • Aphasia (2)
      • Appetite increase (1)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (6)
      • Arteriosclerosis (1)
      • Arthralgia (2)
      • Asthenia (5)
      • Atrial fibrillation (1)
      • Autism (1)
      • Back pain (2)
      • Behavioural problems (1)
      • Bloating (1)
      • Bone fracture(s) (1)
      • Bone lesions (1)
      • Brachydactyly (2)
      • Cachexia (1)
      • Cardiac malformations (2)
      • Cardiomyopathy (1)
      • Central obesity (1)
      • Chemosis (1)
      • Chest pain (2)
      • Chills (1)
      • Chondrocalcinosis (1)
      • Cirrhosis (2)
      • Clitoromegaly (1)
      • Clumsiness (2)
      • Collapse (3)
      • Coma (4)
      • Concentration difficulties (3)
      • Confusion (7)
      • Constipation (2)
      • Coordination difficulties (1)
      • Coughing (2)
      • Crackles (1)
      • Cramps (1)
      • Craniofacial abnormalities (2)
      • Cutaneous pigmentation (1)
      • Dehydration (5)
      • Delayed puberty (1)
      • Dementia (1)
      • Depression (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus (3)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (15)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (11)
      • Diabetic neuropathy (2)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (3)
      • Diabetic foot neuropathy (1)
      • Diabetic foot ulceration (5)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (8)
      • Diarrhoea (4)
      • Diplopia (1)
      • Dizziness (9)
      • Dyslipidaemia (4)
      • Dysphagia (1)
      • Dyspnoea (3)
      • Ears - low set (1)
      • Ears - pinna abnormalities (1)
      • Ecchymoses (1)
      • Eosinophilia (1)
      • Erectile dysfunction (3)
      • Erythema (1)
      • Face - change in appearance (1)
      • Face - coarse features (1)
      • Facial fullness (2)
      • Facial palsy (2)
      • Facies - abnormal (3)
      • Facies - moon (3)
      • Fatigue (23)
      • Feet - cold (1)
      • Feet - increased size (2)
      • Frontal bossing (1)
      • Gestational diabetes (3)
      • Glucose intolerance (2)
      • Glucosuria (7)
      • Goitre (4)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (1)
      • Growth retardation (1)
      • Gynaecomastia (4)
      • Haematuria (1)
      • Haemoptysis (1)
      • Hands - enlargement (3)
      • Head - large (1)
      • Headache (16)
      • Heart failure (2)
      • Heart murmur (1)
      • Heat intolerance (1)
      • Hemianopia (2)
      • Hemiparesis (2)
      • Hepatic metastases (2)
      • Hepatomegaly (6)
      • Hirsutism (6)
      • Hyperandrogenism (2)
      • Hypercalcaemia (2)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (5)
      • Hyperglucagonaemia (3)
      • Hyperglycaemia (18)
      • Hyperhidrosis (6)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (16)
      • Hyperkalaemia (4)
      • Hypernatraemia (2)
      • Hyperpigmentation (3)
      • Hyperplasia (1)
      • Hyperpnoea (2)
      • Hypertension (18)
      • Hyperthyroidism (3)
      • Hypertrichosis (2)
      • Hypertrophy (1)
      • Hyperuricaemia (1)
      • Hyperventilation (2)
      • Hypoalbuminaemia (1)
      • Hypoglycaemia (31)
      • Hypogonadism (12)
      • Hypokalaemia (9)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (2)
      • Hyponatraemia (10)
      • Hypophosphataemia (1)
      • Hypopituitarism (3)
      • Hypoprolactinaemia (1)
      • Hyporeflexia (1)
      • Hypotension (6)
      • Hypothyroidism (8)
      • Hypotonia (2)
      • Hypovitaminosis D (3)
      • Hypovolaemia (1)
      • Infections (2)
      • Infertility (1)
      • Inflexibility (1)
      • Insomnia (2)
      • Insulin resistance (5)
      • Irritability (2)
      • Jaundice (1)
      • Ketonuria (4)
      • Ketotic odour (1)
      • Kyphoscoliosis (1)
      • Learning difficulties (1)
      • Leg pain (3)
      • Leukocytosis (5)
      • Libido increase (1)
      • Libido reduction/loss (3)
      • Lymphadenitis (2)
      • Macroglossia (3)
      • Malaise (2)
      • Metabolic acidosis (4)
      • Metabolic alkalosis (1)
      • Microalbuminuria (1)
      • Micropenis (2)
      • Muscle atrophy (3)
      • Myalgia (2)
      • Myasthaenia (13)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myopathy (2)
      • Nausea (12)
      • Neck - loose skin (nape) (1)
      • Neck - short (1)
      • Neck mass (1)
      • Necrolytic migratory erythema (2)
      • Nocturia (2)
      • Normochromic normocytic anaemia (2)
      • Nose - depressed bridge (1)
      • Obesity (10)
      • Oedema (9)
      • Oligomenorrhoea (2)
      • Osteopenia (4)
      • Osteoporosis (1)
      • Osteosclerosis (1)
      • Palpitations (4)
      • Pancreatic fibrosis (1)
      • Pancreatitis (4)
      • Pancytopaenia (1)
      • Paraesthesia (2)
      • Pelvic mass (1)
      • Peripheral oedema (4)
      • Pneumonia (1)
      • Polydipsia (21)
      • Polyphagia (1)
      • Polyuria (17)
      • Postural instability (1)
      • Premature birth (1)
      • Prognathism (4)
      • Proteinuria (3)
      • Psoriatic arthritis (1)
      • Psychomotor retardation (2)
      • Psychosis (2)
      • Ptosis (2)
      • Puberty (delayed/absent) (1)
      • Puberty (early/precocious) (1)
      • Pyrexia (8)
      • Pyuria (1)
      • Rash (3)
      • Renal failure (1)
      • Renal insufficiency (2)
      • Respiratory failure (1)
      • Retinopathy (4)
      • Salt wasting (1)
      • Sarcoidosis (1)
      • Scoliosis (2)
      • Seizures (4)
      • Sepsis (1)
      • Septic shock (1)
      • Short stature (5)
      • Skeletal deformity (2)
      • Skin thickening (1)
      • Skin thinning (1)
      • Sleep disturbance (1)
      • Slow growth (2)
      • Slurred speech (1)
      • Somnolence (3)
      • Speech delay (2)
      • Splenomegaly (4)
      • Sputum production (1)
      • Striae (3)
      • Stroke (1)
      • Supraclavicular fat pads (2)
      • Sweating (4)
      • Syncope (4)
      • Tachycardia (7)
      • Tachypnoea (2)
      • Teeth gapping (1)
      • T-reflex (depressed) (2)
      • Tetany (2)
      • Thrombocytopenia (4)
      • Thrombocytosis (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (1)
      • Tics (1)
      • Toe clubbing (1)
      • Tremulousness (3)
      • Vaginal dryness (1)
      • Vaginal pain/tenderness (1)
      • Ventricular hypertrophy (1)
      • Vertigo (1)
      • Vision - blurred (6)
      • Visual field defect (2)
      • Vomiting (12)
      • Weight gain (11)
      • Weight loss (19)
      • Xeroderma (1)
      • Xerostomia (1)
    • Open Section Investigation (110)
      • 17OHP (1)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (2)
      • 5HIAA (1)
      • Aberrant adrenal receptors (1)
      • ACTH (17)
      • ACTH stimulation (9)
      • Acyl-ghrelin (1)
      • Adiponectin (2)
      • Adrenal antibodies (2)
      • Adrenal function (1)
      • Adrenal scintigraphy (1)
      • Adrenal venous sampling (2)
      • Adrenaline (1)
      • Alanine aminotransferase (3)
      • Albumin (4)
      • Albumin to creatinine ratio (3)
      • Aldosterone (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Aldosterone (blood) (4)
      • Aldosterone (serum) (2)
      • Aldosterone to renin ratio (2)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (3)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (2)
      • Amylase (1)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Angiography (6)
      • Anion gap (7)
      • Anti-insulin antibodies (11)
      • Anti-islet cell antibody (2)
      • Antinuclear antibody (5)
      • Anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (2)
      • Basal insulin (1)
      • Base excess (1)
      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (9)
      • Bicarbonate (11)
      • Bilirubin (1)
      • Biopsy (8)
      • Blood film (1)
      • Blood pressure (12)
      • BMI (12)
      • Body fat mass (1)
      • Bone biopsy (2)
      • Bone mineral density (3)
      • Bone scintigraphy (1)
      • Bound insulin (1)
      • Brain natriuretic peptide (2)
      • Calcitonin (1)
      • Calcium (serum) (6)
      • Calcium (urine) (2)
      • Catecholamines (24-hour urine) (1)
      • CD-56 (3)
      • Chloride (7)
      • Chromogranin A (7)
      • Chromosomal analysis (5)
      • Clomid challenge (1)
      • Clonidine suppression (1)
      • Collagen (1)
      • Colonoscopy (1)
      • Continuous glucose monitoring (3)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (3)
      • Cortisol (12)
      • Cortisol (9am) (7)
      • Cortisol (plasma) (3)
      • Cortisol (midnight) (2)
      • Cortisol (salivary) (3)
      • Cortisol (serum) (9)
      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (6)
      • C-peptide (24-hour urine) (5)
      • C-peptide (blood) (36)
      • C-reactive protein (9)
      • Creatinine (3)
      • Creatine kinase (4)
      • Creatinine (serum) (13)
      • CRH stimulation (2)
      • CT scan (39)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (1)
      • DEXA scan (5)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (6)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (high dose) (2)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (low dose) (1)
      • DNA sequencing (3)
      • Echocardiogram (5)
      • Electrocardiogram (7)
      • Electrolytes (1)
      • Electromyography (2)
      • Endoscopic ultrasound (2)
      • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1)
      • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (4)
      • Exercise tolerance (1)
      • FBC (3)
      • Ferritin (1)
      • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (3)
      • Flow cytometry (1)
      • Fludrocortisone suppression (1)
      • Fluticasone-propionate-17-beta carboxylic acid (1)
      • Folate (1)
      • FSH (14)
      • FT3 (5)
      • FT4 (14)
      • GADA (11)
      • Gastrin (3)
      • Genetic analysis (4)
      • GH (11)
      • GH suppression (1)
      • GLP-1 (3)
      • GLP-2 (2)
      • Glucagon (4)
      • Glucose (blood) (47)
      • Glucose (blood, fasting) (37)
      • Glucose (blood, postprandial) (5)
      • Glucose (urine) (3)
      • Glucose tolerance (2)
      • Glucose tolerance (oral) (11)
      • GNRH stimulation (1)
      • Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test (1)
      • Gut hormones (fasting) (1)
      • Haematoxylin and eosin staining (6)
      • Haemoglobin (8)
      • Haemoglobin A1c (39)
      • HDL cholesterol (1)
      • Heart rate (2)
      • Histopathology (20)
      • HLA genotyping (7)
      • HOMA (6)
      • IGF1 (16)
      • IGF2 (4)
      • Immunocytochemistry (2)
      • Immunohistochemistry (15)
      • Immunoglobulins (2)
      • Immunoglobulin G4 (3)
      • Immunoglobulin A (3)
      • Immunostaining (1)
      • Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (1)
      • Insulin (36)
      • Insulin (fasting) (4)
      • Insulin tissue resistance tests (1)
      • Insulin tolerance (2)
      • Ketones (plasma) (4)
      • Ketones (urine) (3)
      • Kidney function (3)
      • Lactate (1)
      • Lactate dehydrogenase (1)
      • LDL cholesterol (3)
      • Leukocyte esterase (urine) (1)
      • LH (15)
      • Lipase (serum) (2)
      • Lipid profile (2)
      • Liver biopsy (3)
      • Liver function (5)
      • Lumbar puncture (1)
      • Lung function testing (1)
      • Magnesium (4)
      • Metanephrines (plasma) (1)
      • Metanephrines (urinary) (1)
      • Methoxytyramine (1)
      • Molecular genetic analysis (13)
      • MRI (31)
      • Nerve conduction study (1)
      • Neuron-specific enolase (1)
      • Noradrenaline (1)
      • Normetanephrine (1)
      • Octreotide scan (7)
      • Octreotide suppression test (2)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (2)
      • Osmolality (1)
      • Pancreatic polypeptide (1)
      • Pentagastrin (1)
      • PET scan (11)
      • pH (blood) (7)
      • Phosphate (serum) (2)
      • Pituitary function (2)
      • Platelet count (8)
      • Polymerase Chain Reaction (1)
      • Potassium (13)
      • Procalcitonin (1)
      • Progesterone (1)
      • Proinsulin (7)
      • Prolactin (12)
      • Protein electrophoresis (2)
      • PTH (5)
      • Radioimmunoassay (3)
      • Radionuclide imaging (1)
      • Red blood cell count (3)
      • Renal biopsy (3)
      • Respiratory status (2)
      • Renin (blood) (3)
      • Renin plasma activity (2)
      • Serum osmolality (6)
      • Serum free insulin (2)
      • Sestamibi scan (1)
      • Sex hormone binding globulin (4)
      • SHBG (3)
      • Skeletal muscle mass (1)
      • Skin biopsy (1)
      • Sodium (13)
      • Somatostatin (1)
      • SPECT scan (5)
      • Supervised 72-hour fast (1)
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