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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (141)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (141)
      • Adipose tissue (1)
      • Adrenal (18)
      • Bone (6)
      • Duodenum (2)
      • Hypothalamus (7)
      • Kidney (3)
      • Liver (5)
      • Ovaries (11)
      • Pancreas (13)
      • Parathyroid (5)
      • Pineal (1)
      • Pituitary (95)
      • Skin (2)
      • Stomach (3)
      • Testes (2)
      • Thymus (1)
      • Thyroid (18)
    • Open Section Topic (139)
      • Adrenal (14)
      • Andrology (1)
      • Bone (3)
      • Diabetes (8)
      • Emergency (1)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (7)
      • Genetics and mutation (3)
      • Gynaecological endocrinology (5)
      • Immunology (1)
      • Mineral (1)
      • Neuroendocrinology (5)
      • Obesity (2)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (1)
      • Pituitary (85)
      • Puberty (1)
      • Thyroid (7)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (2)
    • Open Section Hormone (121)
      • 17OHP (1)
      • ACTH (25)
      • Aldosterone (1)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Androsterone (1)
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (6)
      • AVP (1)
      • big IGF2 (1)
      • Calcitonin (1)
      • Corticotrophin (1)
      • Cortisol (42)
      • Cortisone (1)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (1)
      • Dihydrotestosterone (1)
      • FSH (36)
      • Gastrin (1)
      • GH (44)
      • GHRH (4)
      • Glucocorticoids (4)
      • GNRH (1)
      • Gonadotropins (3)
      • HCG (3)
      • IGF1 (49)
      • IGF2 (7)
      • Inhibin (1)
      • Insulin (21)
      • Leptin (1)
      • LH (39)
      • Metanephrines (1)
      • Normetanephrine (1)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (14)
      • Oestrogens (2)
      • Progesterone (3)
      • Prolactin (48)
      • Prostaglandins (1)
      • PTH (6)
      • Somatostatin (1)
      • Testosterone (28)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (42)
      • TRH (3)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (16)
      • TSH (47)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (131)
      • 3-M syndrome (1)
      • Abscess (2)
      • Acanthosis Nigricans (1)
      • Acromegaly (24)
      • Addison's disease (2)
      • Adenocarcinoma (2)
      • AIP gene mutation (1)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (11)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (2)
      • Adrenocortical carcinoma (1)
      • AIP gene variant (1)
      • Amenorrhoea (secondary) (3)
      • Autoimmune disorders (4)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (5)
      • Burkitt’s lymphoma (1)
      • Carney complex (1)
      • Cerebrospinal fluid leakage (1)
      • Congenital hyperinsulinism (1)
      • Corticotrophic adenoma (2)
      • Craniopharyngioma (2)
      • Cushing's disease (2)
      • Cushing's syndrome (9)
      • Developmental abnormalities (1)
      • Diabetes insipidus - gestational (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (16)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (6)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (9)
      • Diabetic foot syndrome (1)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (4)
      • Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (1)
      • Ectopic parathyroid adenoma (1)
      • Empty sella syndrome (3)
      • Fetal demise (1)
      • Galactorrhoea (1)
      • Gastrinoma (1)
      • Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (1)
      • Giant ovarian cysts (1)
      • Gigantism (2)
      • Goitre (multinodular) (2)
      • Gonadal dysgenesis (1)
      • Gonadotrophic adenoma (2)
      • Granuloma (1)
      • Granulosa cell tumour (1)
      • Graves' disease (2)
      • Graves' ophthalmopathy (2)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (adult) (1)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (childhood onset) (6)
      • Gynaecomastia (3)
      • Hashimoto’s disease (1)
      • Hemihypertrophy (1)
      • Hepatitis C (1)
      • Hereditary multiple osteochondroma (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (2)
      • Hypercalcaemia (2)
      • Hyperglycaemia (4)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (3)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (3)
      • Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Hyperkalaemia (2)
      • Hyperlipidaemia (1)
      • Hypernatraemia (2)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (primary) (3)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (12)
      • Hypertension (2)
      • Hyperthyroidism (7)
      • Hypocalcaemia (2)
      • Hypoglycaemia (11)
      • Hypogonadism (10)
      • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (9)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (1)
      • Hypokalaemia (2)
      • Hyponatraemia (5)
      • Hypophysitis (11)
      • Hypopituitarism (26)
      • Hypothyroidism (22)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (5)
      • Idiopathic pituitary hyperplasia (3)
      • IgG4–related systemic disease (4)
      • Inappropriate TSH secretion (1)
      • Incidentaloma (1)
      • Infertility (1)
      • Insulin resistance (3)
      • Insulinoma (2)
      • Intracranial vasospasm (1)
      • Intrauterine growth retardation (1)
      • Ischaemic heart disease (1)
      • Leg ulcer (1)
      • Laron syndrome (1)
      • Lipodystrophy (1)
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      • Macroprolactinoma (3)
      • MEN1 (3)
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      • Metabolic acidosis (2)
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      • Metastatic melanoma (1)
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      • Microadenoma (4)
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      • Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (1)
      • Nephrolithiasis (1)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (10)
      • Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (1)
      • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (3)
      • Non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia (4)
      • Noonan syndrome (1)
      • Obesity (2)
      • Osteoporosis (2)
      • Osteosclerosis (1)
      • Ovarian cancer (4)
      • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (2)
      • Pancreatitis (1)
      • Panhypopituitarism (11)
      • Papillary thyroid cancer (1)
      • Paraneoplastic syndromes (3)
      • Parathyroid adenoma (1)
      • Parathroid hyperplasia (1)
      • PCOS (3)
      • Phaeochromocytoma (3)
      • Pituitary abscess (3)
      • Pituitary adenoma (42)
      • Pituitary apoplexy (8)
      • Pituitary carcinoma (2)
      • Pituitary cyst (3)
      • Pituitary haemorrhage (4)
      • Pituitary hyperplasia (7)
      • Pituitary hypoplasia (2)
      • Pituitary tumour (malignant) (4)
      • Plurihormonal pituitary adenoma (4)
      • POEMS syndrome (1)
      • Pneumonia (2)
      • Post-prandial hypoglycaemia (1)
      • Pre-eclampsia (1)
      • Pregnancy (2)
      • Premature ovarian failure (3)
      • Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (2)
      • Prolactinoma (6)
      • Prostate cancer (2)
      • Puberty (precocious) (1)
      • Quadrantanopia (2)
      • Rheumatoid arthritis (2)
      • Sheehan's syndrome (1)
      • Short stature (6)
      • SIADH (2)
      • Small intestine neuroendocrine tumour (1)
      • Solitary fibrous tumour (1)
      • Solitary sellar plasmacytoma (2)
      • Somatotrophic adenoma (5)
      • Thyroid cyst (1)
      • Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (2)
      • Thyroiditis (1)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (3)
      • Thyrotrophic adenoma (2)
      • Turner syndrome (1)
      • Urolithiasis (1)
      • Xanthogranulomatous hypophysitis (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (141)
    • Open Section Age (141)
      • Adolescent/young adult (29)
      • Adult (92)
      • Geriatric (8)
      • Neonatal (1)
      • Paediatric (13)
      • Pregnant adult (5)
    • Open Section Gender (139)
      • Female (80)
      • Male (62)
    • Open Section Ethnicity (141)
      • American Indian or Alaska Native (1)
      • Asian - Chinese (6)
      • Asian - Indian (5)
      • Asian - Japanese (6)
      • Asian - other (10)
      • Black - African (8)
      • Black - other (4)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Central American or South American (3)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano (3)
      • White (94)
      • Other (5)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (136)
      • Argentina (1)
      • Australia (14)
      • Belgium (2)
      • Brazil (1)
      • Canada (5)
      • Colombia (1)
      • Denmark (2)
      • Finland (1)
      • France (1)
      • Germany (2)
      • Greece (2)
      • India (4)
      • Iran, Islamic Republic of (1)
      • Ireland (3)
      • Israel (2)
      • Italy (7)
      • Japan (4)
      • Malaysia (3)
      • Mexico (3)
      • Netherlands (4)
      • New Zealand (1)
      • Oman (1)
      • Portugal (9)
      • Saudi Arabia (2)
      • Singapore (3)
      • Spain (4)
      • Sweden (1)
      • Switzerland (1)
      • Syrian Arab Republic (1)
      • Taiwan, Province of China (1)
      • Turkey (1)
      • United Arab Emirates (1)
      • United Kingdom (32)
      • United States (15)
      • Venezuela (1)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (131)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (128)
      • Abdominal adiposity (1)
      • Abdominal distension (1)
      • Abdominal pain (9)
      • Abdominal wall defects (1)
      • Acanthosis nigricans (1)
      • Acne (4)
      • Acrochorda (3)
      • Aggression (3)
      • Agitation (3)
      • Alopecia (1)
      • Altered level of consciousness (5)
      • Amenorrhoea (23)
      • Amnesia (3)
      • Anaemia (4)
      • Anhedonia (1)
      • Anisocoria (1)
      • Ankle swelling (1)
      • Anorexia (4)
      • Anxiety (4)
      • Aphasia (1)
      • Appetite increase (1)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (5)
      • Arthralgia (9)
      • Asthenia (3)
      • Atrial fibrillation (1)
      • ADHD (1)
      • Autism (2)
      • Back pain (5)
      • Behavioural problems (2)
      • Bitemporal hemianopsia (3)
      • Bloating (2)
      • Bone fracture(s) (1)
      • Bone lesions (1)
      • Bone pain (3)
      • Brachydactyly (2)
      • Bradycardia (1)
      • Breast lump (1)
      • Breastfeeding difficulties (1)
      • Breathing difficulties (2)
      • Cachexia (1)
      • Calcification (2)
      • Cardiac malformations (1)
      • Carpal tunnel syndrome (2)
      • Central obesity (1)
      • Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (2)
      • Chemosis (1)
      • Chest pain (1)
      • Cirrhosis (1)
      • Citraturia (1)
      • Cognitive problems (2)
      • Cold intolerance (4)
      • Collapse (1)
      • Coma (2)
      • Concentration difficulties (3)
      • Confusion (7)
      • Constipation (3)
      • Coughing (3)
      • Crackles (2)
      • Craniofacial abnormalities (1)
      • Cutaneous pigmentation (2)
      • Dehydration (4)
      • Delayed puberty (2)
      • Depression (3)
      • Diabetes insipidus (11)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (5)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (7)
      • Diabetic foot ulceration (1)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (3)
      • Diarrhoea (3)
      • Diplopia (7)
      • Dizziness (5)
      • Dyslipidaemia (1)
      • Dyspepsia (1)
      • Dyspnoea (5)
      • Ears - low set (2)
      • Ears - pinna abnormalities (1)
      • Eosinophilia (2)
      • Epistaxis (1)
      • Erectile dysfunction (6)
      • Erythema (2)
      • Eyelid swelling (2)
      • Eyes - inflammation (1)
      • Eyes - irritation (1)
      • Eyes - redness (1)
      • Eyes - watering (1)
      • Face - change in appearance (2)
      • Face - coarse features (11)
      • Facial fullness (2)
      • Facial palsy (3)
      • Facial plethora (1)
      • Facies - abnormal (8)
      • Facies - moon (2)
      • Faecal incontinence (1)
      • Failure to thrive (1)
      • Fatigue (36)
      • Feet - increased size (9)
      • Feet - large (2)
      • Fingers - thick (1)
      • Frontal bossing (2)
      • Galactorrhoea (6)
      • Gestational diabetes (1)
      • Glucose intolerance (1)
      • Goitre (3)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (6)
      • Growth retardation (6)
      • Gynaecomastia (7)
      • Haematuria (2)
      • Haemoptysis (1)
      • Hallucination (1)
      • Hands - enlargement (8)
      • Hands - large (3)
      • Head - large (1)
      • Headache (48)
      • Hearing loss (1)
      • Heart failure (2)
      • Heart murmur (1)
      • Heat intolerance (4)
      • Hemianopia (10)
      • Hemiparesis (3)
      • Hepatomegaly (4)
      • Hirsutism (7)
      • Hot flushes (2)
      • Hydronephrosis (1)
      • Hyperactivity (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (2)
      • Hypercalcaemia (2)
      • Hypercalciuria (1)
      • Hypercholesterolaemia (2)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (7)
      • Hyperglycaemia (7)
      • Hyperhidrosis (7)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (3)
      • Hyperkalaemia (3)
      • Hypernatraemia (3)
      • Hyperoxaluria (1)
      • Hyperpigmentation (3)
      • Hyperplasia (1)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (11)
      • Hypersalivation (1)
      • Hyperseborrhea (1)
      • Hypersomnia (1)
      • Hypertension (15)
      • Hyperthyroidism (4)
      • Hypertrichosis (2)
      • Hyperventilation (1)
      • Hypoadrenalism (5)
      • Hypoalbuminaemia (1)
      • Hypocalciuria (1)
      • Hypoglycaemia (10)
      • Hypogonadism (27)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (2)
      • Hypokalaemia (7)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (1)
      • Hyponatraemia (8)
      • Hypopituitarism (19)
      • Hypoprolactinaemia (2)
      • Hyporeflexia (1)
      • Hypotension (8)
      • Hypothyroidism (23)
      • Hypotonia (3)
      • Hypovitaminosis D (2)
      • Infertility (3)
      • Insomnia (3)
      • Insulin resistance (4)
      • Irritability (1)
      • Ketonuria (1)
      • Kyphoscoliosis (1)
      • Leg pain (4)
      • Leukocytosis (5)
      • Libido reduction/loss (5)
      • Liver masses (1)
      • Lymphadenitis (3)
      • Macroglossia (6)
      • Malaise (1)
      • Mania (1)
      • Mastalgia (1)
      • Menstrual disorder (2)
      • Metabolic acidosis (1)
      • Metabolic alkalosis (1)
      • Mood changes/swings (1)
      • Muscle atrophy (5)
      • Myalgia (3)
      • Myasthaenia (12)
      • Mydriasis (1)
      • Myeloma (1)
      • Myopathy (2)
      • Myxoedema (2)
      • Nausea (13)
      • Neck - loose skin (nape) (1)
      • Neck - short (1)
      • Neck mass (2)
      • Neck pain/discomfort (2)
      • Nephropathy (1)
      • Nocturia (4)
      • Normochromic normocytic anaemia (3)
      • Nose - depressed bridge (1)
      • Nose - thickening (1)
      • Obesity (9)
      • Obstructive sleep apnoea (2)
      • Oedema (8)
      • Oligomenorrhoea (1)
      • Oliguria (1)
      • Ophthalmoplegia (1)
      • Optic atrophy (2)
      • Osteoarthritis (2)
      • Osteopenia (3)
      • Osteoporosis (4)
      • Osteosclerosis (3)
      • Ovarian cysts (1)
      • Palpitations (8)
      • Pancreatitis (1)
      • Papilloedema (1)
      • Paraesthesia (2)
      • Paranoia (1)
      • Pelvic mass (1)
      • Pericardial effusion (1)
      • Peripheral oedema (3)
      • Photophobia (2)
      • Polydipsia (19)
      • Polyuria (20)
      • Prenatal growth retardation (1)
      • Prognathism (5)
      • Proptosis (2)
      • Proteinuria (2)
      • Psychomotor retardation (2)
      • Psychosis (3)
      • Ptosis (9)
      • Puberty (delayed/absent) (1)
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      • Pyrexia (12)
      • Rash (1)
      • Renal failure (1)
      • Renal insufficiency (1)
      • Respiratory failure (2)
      • Sarcoidosis (1)
      • Scoliosis (2)
      • Seizures (2)
      • Short stature (9)
      • Singultus (1)
      • Sixth nerve palsy (4)
      • Skeletal deformity (2)
      • Skin - texture change (1)
      • Skin thickening (2)
      • Skin thinning (1)
      • Sleep apnoea (1)
      • Sleep disturbance (3)
      • Sleep hyperhidrosis (1)
      • Slow growth (3)
      • Social difficulties (1)
      • Soft tissue swelling (2)
      • Somnolence (1)
      • Speech delay (1)
      • Splenomegaly (2)
      • Sputum production (1)
      • Striae (4)
      • Supraclavicular fat pads (2)
      • Sweating (5)
      • Syncope (2)
      • Tachycardia (5)
      • Teeth gapping (4)
      • T-reflex (depressed) (1)
      • Thrombocytopenia (3)
      • Thrombocytosis (1)
      • Thrombophilia (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (2)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (3)
      • Tinnitus (3)
      • Toe clubbing (1)
      • Tremulousness (4)
      • Urinary incontinence (1)
      • Vaginal bleeding (1)
      • Ventricular hypertrophy (1)
      • Vertigo (1)
      • Vision - acuity reduction (2)
      • Vision - blurred (5)
      • Visual disturbance (11)
      • Visual field defect (8)
      • Visual impairment (9)
      • Vitiligo (1)
      • Vomiting (11)
      • Weight gain (13)
      • Weight loss (8)
      • Wheezing (1)
      • Xeroderma (1)
    • Open Section Investigation (130)
      • 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy mandelic acid (1)
      • 17OHP (1)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (3)
      • 5HIAA (1)
      • Aberrant adrenal receptors (1)
      • ACTH (27)
      • ACTH stimulation (18)
      • Adrenal function (1)
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      • Alanine aminotransferase (2)
      • Albumin (4)
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      • Alkaline phosphatase (3)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (bone-specific) (1)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (2)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Angiography (6)
      • Anion gap (2)
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      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (2)
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      • Biopsy (7)
      • Blood film (1)
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      • Bone age (6)
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      • Chromogranin A (9)
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      • Collagen (1)
      • Core needle biopsy (1)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (2)
      • Cortisol (24)
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      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (7)
      • C-peptide (24-hour urine) (1)
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      • CT scan (45)
      • Cytokines (1)
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      • DEXA scan (7)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (6)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (high dose) (2)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (low dose) (2)
      • DNA sequencing (8)
      • Echocardiogram (4)
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      • FBC (1)
      • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (7)
      • FSH (45)
      • FT3 (20)
      • FT4 (51)
      • GADA (2)
      • Gallium scan (1)
      • Gastric biopsy (1)
      • Gastrin (1)
      • Genetic analysis (9)
      • GH (40)
      • GH day curve (4)
      • GH stimulation (3)
      • GH suppression (5)
      • GHRH (2)
      • Glucose suppression test (3)
      • Glucose (blood) (15)
      • Glucose (blood, fasting) (9)
      • Glucose tolerance (1)
      • Glucose tolerance (oral) (10)
      • Gonadotrophins (4)
      • Haematoxylin and eosin staining (19)
      • Haemoglobin (8)
      • Haemoglobin A1c (16)
      • HCG (serum) (3)
      • HCG (urine) (1)
      • HDL cholesterol (1)
      • Heart rate (1)
      • Histopathology (44)
      • HLA genotyping (1)
      • Holter monitoring (1)
      • HOMA (1)
      • IGF1 (70)
      • IGF2 (6)
      • IGFBP3 (4)
      • Immunocytochemistry (4)
      • Immunohistochemistry (38)
      • Immunoglobulins (3)
      • Immunoglobulin G4 (3)
      • Immunostaining (6)
      • Inhibin B (1)
      • Insulin (11)
      • Insulin tolerance (4)
      • Ketones (plasma) (2)
      • Ketones (urine) (1)
      • Kidney function (1)
      • Lactate dehydrogenase (2)
      • Laparoscopy (1)
      • LDL cholesterol (2)
      • LH (48)
      • Liver biopsy (3)
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