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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (119)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (117)
      • Adipose tissue (7)
      • Adrenal (12)
      • Bone (5)
      • Duodenum (3)
      • Heart (1)
      • Hypothalamus (4)
      • Kidney (6)
      • Liver (7)
      • Ovaries (5)
      • Pancreas (63)
      • Parathyroid (2)
      • Pituitary (25)
      • Skin (4)
      • Stomach (3)
      • Testes (3)
      • Thyroid (6)
    • Open Section Topic (116)
      • Adrenal (11)
      • Andrology (3)
      • Autoimmunity (2)
      • Bone (1)
      • Diabetes (56)
      • Emergency (1)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (10)
      • Genetics and mutation (3)
      • Gynaecological endocrinology (4)
      • Mineral (1)
      • Neuroendocrinology (2)
      • Obesity (5)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (2)
      • Pituitary (16)
      • Thyroid (4)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (4)
      • Vitamin D (1)
    • Open Section Hormone (98)
      • ACTH (10)
      • Aldosterone (3)
      • Androgens (1)
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (1)
      • AVP (1)
      • big IGF2 (1)
      • Calcitriol (2)
      • Cortisol (18)
      • Cortisone (1)
      • DHEA (1)
      • Dihydrotestosterone (1)
      • FSH (7)
      • Gastrin (1)
      • GH (9)
      • GLP1 (3)
      • GLP2 (2)
      • Glucagon (6)
      • Glucocorticoids (2)
      • GNRH (1)
      • HCG (1)
      • IGF1 (14)
      • IGF2 (4)
      • Insulin (71)
      • Kisspeptin (1)
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      • LH (7)
      • Metanephrines (1)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (1)
      • Oestrogens (1)
      • Oxyntomodulin (1)
      • Peptide YY (1)
      • Procalcitonin (1)
      • Progesterone (1)
      • Prolactin (7)
      • PTH (2)
      • Renin (2)
      • Somatostatin (2)
      • Testosterone (10)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (13)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (4)
      • TSH (12)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (104)
      • 49XXXXY syndrome (1)
      • Abscess (1)
      • Acromegaly (5)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (5)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (2)
      • Amenorrhoea (primary) (1)
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      • Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 1 (1)
      • Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (1)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (3)
      • Congenital hyperinsulinism (2)
      • Cushing's syndrome (6)
      • Diabetes insipidus - gestational (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (3)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (23)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (16)
      • Diabetic foot syndrome (3)
      • Diabetic hypoglycaemia (1)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (10)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (2)
      • Down syndrome (1)
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      • Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (1)
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      • Gestational diabetes mellitus (3)
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      • Goitre (multinodular) (1)
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      • Growth hormone deficiency (adult) (1)
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      • Hashimoto’s disease (2)
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      • Hypercalcaemia (1)
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      • Hyperglycaemia (16)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (2)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (9)
      • Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (7)
      • Hyperkalaemia (3)
      • Hyperlipidaemia (1)
      • Hypernatraemia (2)
      • Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (1)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (1)
      • Hypersexuality (1)
      • Hypertension (4)
      • Hyperthyroidism (4)
      • Hypocalcaemia (2)
      • Hypoglycaemia (27)
      • Hypoglycaemic coma (1)
      • Hypogonadism (4)
      • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (3)
      • Hypokalaemia (3)
      • Hyponatraemia (4)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (1)
      • Hypophysitis (3)
      • Hypopituitarism (8)
      • Hypothyroidism (6)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (5)
      • Infertility (1)
      • Insulin autoimmune syndrome (6)
      • Insulin resistance (8)
      • Insulinoma (6)
      • Intracranial vasospasm (1)
      • Intrauterine growth retardation (1)
      • Ischaemic heart disease (1)
      • Ketoacidosis (1)
      • Klinefelter syndrome (2)
      • Leg ulcer (2)
      • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) (2)
      • Lipodystrophy (2)
      • Lipomatosis (1)
      • Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (1)
      • Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) (1)
      • McKittrick-Wheelock Syndrome (1)
      • MEN1 (2)
      • Metabolic acidosis (3)
      • Metastatic carcinoma (2)
      • Metastatic melanoma (1)
      • Microadenoma (1)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (1)
      • Neonatal diabetes (2)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (9)
      • Non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Noonan syndrome (1)
      • Obesity (6)
      • Osteomyelitis (1)
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      • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (3)
      • Pancreatitis (5)
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      • Plurihormonal pituitary adenoma (1)
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      • Post-prandial hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Pre-eclampsia (1)
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      • Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (1)
      • Puberty (delayed or absent) (1)
      • Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
      • Short stature (1)
      • Solitary fibrous tumour (1)
      • Subcutaneous insulin resistance (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (1)
      • Thyroiditis (2)
      • Thyrotrophic adenoma (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (119)
    • Open Section Age (119)
      • Adolescent/young adult (17)
      • Adult (78)
      • Geriatric (10)
      • Neonatal (5)
      • Paediatric (9)
      • Pregnant adult (6)
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      • Asian - other (9)
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      • Black - other (1)
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      • Hispanic or Latino - Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - other (1)
      • White (75)
      • Other (3)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (118)
      • Australia (11)
      • Brazil (2)
      • Canada (2)
      • Croatia (1)
      • Denmark (2)
      • France (1)
      • Germany (5)
      • Greece (2)
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      • Iran, Islamic Republic of (1)
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      • Israel (1)
      • Italy (11)
      • Japan (12)
      • Korea, Republic of (1)
      • Malaysia (2)
      • Mexico (1)
      • Morocco (1)
      • Peru (2)
      • Poland (2)
      • Portugal (4)
      • Russian Federation (1)
      • Saudi Arabia (1)
      • Singapore (3)
      • Spain (5)
      • Sweden (1)
      • Taiwan, Province of China (2)
      • Turkey (1)
      • United Kingdom (24)
      • United States (11)
      • Venezuela (1)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (104)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (103)
      • Abdominal adiposity (1)
      • Abdominal distension (1)
      • Abdominal lump (1)
      • Abdominal pain (10)
      • Abdominal tenderness (2)
      • Acanthosis nigricans (3)
      • Acne (1)
      • Aggression (1)
      • Alopecia (4)
      • Altered level of consciousness (4)
      • Amenorrhoea (6)
      • Amnesia (2)
      • Anaemia (4)
      • Anorexia (3)
      • Anxiety (4)
      • Aphasia (2)
      • Appetite increase (1)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (4)
      • Arteriosclerosis (1)
      • Arthralgia (4)
      • Asthenia (4)
      • Atrial fibrillation (1)
      • Autism (1)
      • Back pain (2)
      • Behavioural problems (1)
      • Bloating (1)
      • Bone fracture(s) (1)
      • Brachydactyly (1)
      • Cachexia (1)
      • Cardiac malformations (2)
      • Carpal tunnel syndrome (1)
      • Central obesity (1)
      • Chemosis (1)
      • Chest pain (1)
      • Chills (1)
      • Cirrhosis (1)
      • Clitoromegaly (1)
      • Clumsiness (1)
      • Cognitive problems (1)
      • Collapse (1)
      • Coma (4)
      • Concentration difficulties (3)
      • Confusion (5)
      • Constipation (2)
      • Coordination difficulties (1)
      • Coughing (2)
      • Crackles (2)
      • Cramps (2)
      • Craniofacial abnormalities (2)
      • Cutaneous pigmentation (1)
      • Dehydration (4)
      • Depression (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus (3)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (15)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (11)
      • Diabetic neuropathy (2)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (3)
      • Diabetic foot neuropathy (1)
      • Diabetic foot ulceration (5)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (8)
      • Diarrhoea (4)
      • Diplopia (1)
      • Dizziness (9)
      • Dyslipidaemia (4)
      • Dyspnoea (4)
      • Ears - low set (1)
      • Ears - pinna abnormalities (1)
      • Ecchymoses (1)
      • Epilepsy (1)
      • Erectile dysfunction (3)
      • Erythema (1)
      • Face - change in appearance (1)
      • Face - coarse features (1)
      • Facial fullness (2)
      • Facial palsy (1)
      • Facies - abnormal (3)
      • Facies - moon (2)
      • Fatigue (19)
      • Feet - cold (1)
      • Feet - increased size (2)
      • Frontal bossing (1)
      • Gestational diabetes (3)
      • Glucose intolerance (2)
      • Glucosuria (7)
      • Goitre (3)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (3)
      • Growth retardation (1)
      • Gynaecomastia (3)
      • Haematuria (1)
      • Haemoptysis (1)
      • Hands - enlargement (3)
      • Headache (14)
      • Heart failure (1)
      • Heart murmur (1)
      • Heat intolerance (1)
      • Hemianopia (1)
      • Hemiparesis (1)
      • Hepatic metastases (1)
      • Hepatomegaly (6)
      • Hirsutism (5)
      • Hyperandrogenism (2)
      • Hypercalcaemia (3)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (6)
      • Hyperglucagonaemia (2)
      • Hyperglycaemia (18)
      • Hyperhidrosis (6)
      • Hyperhomocysteinaemia (1)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (15)
      • Hyperkalaemia (3)
      • Hypernatraemia (2)
      • Hyperpigmentation (1)
      • Hyperplasia (1)
      • Hyperpnoea (2)
      • Hypertension (15)
      • Hyperthyroidism (3)
      • Hypertrichosis (1)
      • Hypertrophy (1)
      • Hyperuricaemia (1)
      • Hyperventilation (2)
      • Hypoadrenalism (1)
      • Hypoalbuminaemia (1)
      • Hypocalciuria (1)
      • Hypoglycaemia (31)
      • Hypogonadism (13)
      • Hypokalaemia (6)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (1)
      • Hyponatraemia (5)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (2)
      • Hypophosphataemia (1)
      • Hypopituitarism (3)
      • Hypoprolactinaemia (1)
      • Hyporeflexia (1)
      • Hypotension (4)
      • Hypothyroidism (9)
      • Hypotonia (2)
      • Hypovitaminosis D (3)
      • Hypovolaemia (1)
      • Infections (2)
      • Infertility (2)
      • Inflexibility (1)
      • Insomnia (2)
      • Insulin resistance (6)
      • Irritability (2)
      • Jaundice (1)
      • Ketonuria (4)
      • Ketotic odour (1)
      • Kyphoscoliosis (1)
      • Learning difficulties (1)
      • Leg pain (2)
      • Leukocytosis (5)
      • Libido increase (1)
      • Libido reduction/loss (3)
      • Macroglossia (3)
      • Malaise (1)
      • Metabolic acidosis (4)
      • Microalbuminuria (1)
      • Micropenis (2)
      • Muscle atrophy (3)
      • Myalgia (2)
      • Myasthaenia (10)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myopathy (2)
      • Nail dystrophy (1)
      • Nausea (13)
      • Neck - loose skin (nape) (1)
      • Neck - short (1)
      • Necrolytic migratory erythema (1)
      • Nephrocalcinosis (1)
      • Nocturia (2)
      • Normochromic normocytic anaemia (1)
      • Nose - depressed bridge (1)
      • Obesity (11)
      • Obstructive sleep apnoea (1)
      • Oedema (7)
      • Oligomenorrhoea (2)
      • Osteopenia (3)
      • Osteoporosis (1)
      • Osteosclerosis (1)
      • Palpitations (2)
      • Pancreatic fibrosis (1)
      • Pancreatitis (5)
      • Pancytopaenia (1)
      • Paraesthesia (3)
      • Pelvic mass (1)
      • Peripheral oedema (4)
      • Photophobia (1)
      • Polydipsia (21)
      • Polyphagia (1)
      • Polyuria (17)
      • Postural instability (1)
      • Premature birth (1)
      • Prognathism (4)
      • Proteinuria (3)
      • Psoriatic arthritis (1)
      • Psychomotor retardation (2)
      • Psychosis (2)
      • Ptosis (2)
      • Puberty (delayed/absent) (1)
      • Puberty (early/precocious) (1)
      • Pyrexia (7)
      • Rash (2)
      • Renal failure (1)
      • Renal insufficiency (3)
      • Respiratory failure (1)
      • Retinopathy (4)
      • Sarcoidosis (1)
      • Scoliosis (2)
      • Seizures (5)
      • Sepsis (1)
      • Short stature (4)
      • Skeletal deformity (1)
      • Skin thickening (1)
      • Skin thinning (1)
      • Sleep disturbance (1)
      • Slow growth (2)
      • Somnolence (3)
      • Speech delay (2)
      • Splenomegaly (2)
      • Sputum production (1)
      • Striae (3)
      • Supraclavicular fat pads (2)
      • Sweating (3)
      • Syncope (4)
      • Tachycardia (5)
      • Tachypnoea (1)
      • Teeth gapping (1)
      • T-reflex (depressed) (2)
      • Tetany (1)
      • Thrombocytopenia (4)
      • Thyroid nodule (1)
      • Toe clubbing (1)
      • Tremulousness (4)
      • Vaginal dryness (1)
      • Vaginal pain/tenderness (1)
      • Ventricular hypertrophy (1)
      • Vertigo (1)
      • Vision - blurred (6)
      • Visual field defect (1)
      • Vomiting (12)
      • Weight gain (11)
      • Weight loss (18)
      • Xeroderma (1)
    • Open Section Investigation (104)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (2)
      • 5HIAA (1)
      • Aberrant adrenal receptors (1)
      • ACTH (12)
      • ACTH stimulation (8)
      • Acyl-ghrelin (1)
      • Adiponectin (2)
      • Adrenal function (1)
      • Adrenal scintigraphy (1)
      • Adrenal venous sampling (1)
      • Adrenaline (1)
      • Alanine aminotransferase (2)
      • Albumin (4)
      • Albumin to creatinine ratio (3)
      • Aldosterone (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Aldosterone (blood) (3)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (2)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (2)
      • AMH (1)
      • Amylase (1)
      • Angiography (5)
      • Anion gap (7)
      • Anti-insulin antibodies (11)
      • Anti-islet cell antibody (2)
      • Antinuclear antibody (4)
      • Anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (2)
      • Basal insulin (1)
      • Base excess (1)
      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (9)
      • Bicarbonate (8)
      • Bilirubin (1)
      • Biopsy (6)
      • Blood film (1)
      • Blood pressure (8)
      • BMI (12)
      • Body fat mass (1)
      • Bone biopsy (2)
      • Bone mineral density (4)
      • Bound insulin (1)
      • Brain natriuretic peptide (1)
      • Calcium (serum) (5)
      • Calcium (urine) (2)
      • Catecholamines (24-hour urine) (1)
      • CD-56 (2)
      • Chloride (6)
      • Chromogranin A (7)
      • Chromosomal analysis (4)
      • Clomid challenge (1)
      • Clonidine suppression (1)
      • Collagen (1)
      • Colonoscopy (1)
      • Continuous glucose monitoring (3)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (1)
      • Cortisol (10)
      • Cortisol (9am) (9)
      • Cortisol (plasma) (3)
      • Cortisol (midnight) (1)
      • Cortisol (salivary) (2)
      • Cortisol (serum) (6)
      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (5)
      • C-peptide (24-hour urine) (5)
      • C-peptide (blood) (36)
      • C-reactive protein (9)
      • Creatinine (3)
      • Creatine kinase (3)
      • Creatinine (serum) (11)
      • CRH stimulation (1)
      • CT scan (30)
      • DEXA scan (5)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (5)
      • DNA sequencing (3)
      • Echocardiogram (4)
      • EEG (1)
      • Electrocardiogram (4)
      • Electrolytes (1)
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      • Endoscopic ultrasound (2)
      • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1)
      • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (4)
      • Exercise tolerance (1)
      • FBC (2)
      • Ferritin (1)
      • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (2)
      • Flow cytometry (1)
      • Fluticasone-propionate-17-beta carboxylic acid (1)
      • Folate (1)
      • FSH (16)
      • FT3 (6)
      • FT4 (15)
      • GADA (12)
      • Gastrin (3)
      • Genetic analysis (3)
      • GH (11)
      • GH stimulation (1)
      • GH suppression (1)
      • GLP-1 (3)
      • GLP-2 (2)
      • Glucagon (3)
      • Glucose (blood) (46)
      • Glucose (blood, fasting) (33)
      • Glucose (blood, postprandial) (5)
      • Glucose (urine) (4)
      • Glucose tolerance (2)
      • Glucose tolerance (oral) (11)
      • GNRH stimulation (1)
      • Gonadotrophins (2)
      • Gut hormones (fasting) (1)
      • Haematoxylin and eosin staining (6)
      • Haemoglobin (8)
      • Haemoglobin A1c (40)
      • HDL cholesterol (2)
      • Heart rate (1)
      • Histopathology (18)
      • HLA genotyping (7)
      • Holter monitoring (1)
      • HOMA (6)
      • IGF1 (19)
      • IGF2 (4)
      • Immunocytochemistry (1)
      • Immunohistochemistry (14)
      • Immunoglobulins (1)
      • Immunoglobulin G4 (1)
      • Immunoglobulin A (3)
      • Immunostaining (1)
      • Insulin (35)
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      • Kidney function (1)
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      • LDL cholesterol (3)
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      • LH (15)
      • Lipase (serum) (3)
      • Lipid profile (2)
      • Liver biopsy (3)
      • Liver function (4)
      • Lumbar puncture (1)
      • Lung function testing (1)
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      • Magnesium (3)
      • Metanephrines (urinary) (1)
      • Methoxytyramine (1)
      • Molecular genetic analysis (14)
      • MRI (29)
      • Neuron-specific enolase (1)
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      • Octreotide scan (6)
      • Octreotide suppression test (1)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (3)
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      • Pancreatic polypeptide (1)
      • PET scan (9)
      • pH (blood) (7)
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      • Pituitary function (2)
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      • Skeletal muscle mass (1)
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      • Sodium (9)
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      • SPECT scan (5)
      • Supervised 72-hour fast (1)
      • Synaptophysin (3)
      • Tanner scale (1)
      • Testosterone (15)
      • Thyroid antibodies (6)
      • Thyroid function (5)
      • Thyroid ultrasonography (4)
      • Total cholesterol (5)
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      • Total T4 (2)
      • Transaminase (3)
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      • Triglycerides (7)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) suppression (1)
      • Troponin (1)
      • TSH (13)
      • TSH receptor antibodies (1)
      • Ultrasound-guided biopsy (2)
      • Ultrasound scan (16)
      • Urea and electrolytes (4)
      • Urinalysis (11)
      • Urinary free cortisol (2)
      • Urine osmolality (3)
      • Visual field assessment (1)
      • Vitamin B12 (1)
      • Vitamin D (5)
      • Waist circumference (2)
      • Water deprivation (2)
      • Weight (8)
      • White blood cell count (9)
      • White blood cell differential count (2)
      • X-ray (8)
      • Zinc (1)
    • Open Section Intervention (69)
      • Adrenalectomy (3)
      • Amputation (1)
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