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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (151)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (151)
      • Adipose tissue (8)
      • Adrenal (31)
      • Bone (6)
      • Duodenum (5)
      • Heart (3)
      • Hypothalamus (5)
      • Kidney (11)
      • Liver (12)
      • Ovaries (7)
      • Pancreas (39)
      • Parathyroid (9)
      • Pituitary (33)
      • Placenta (1)
      • Stomach (3)
      • Testes (4)
      • Thymus (1)
      • Thyroid (33)
    • Open Section Topic (147)
      • Adrenal (24)
      • Andrology (4)
      • Autoimmunity (1)
      • Bone (8)
      • Cardiovascular endocrinology (1)
      • Developmental endocrinology (1)
      • Diabetes (31)
      • Emergency (1)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (14)
      • Genetics and mutation (4)
      • Gynaecological endocrinology (3)
      • Immunology (1)
      • Neuroendocrinology (3)
      • Obesity (4)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (3)
      • Pituitary (25)
      • Puberty (1)
      • Thyroid (28)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (2)
    • Open Section Hormone (125)
      • 17OHP (3)
      • ACTH (24)
      • Adrenaline (1)
      • Aldosterone (4)
      • Androgens (2)
      • Androstenedione (3)
      • Androsterone (1)
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (3)
      • AVP (3)
      • big IGF2 (1)
      • Calcitonin (2)
      • Calcitriol (1)
      • Cortisol (32)
      • Cortisone (1)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (1)
      • Deoxycortisol (1)
      • DHEA (1)
      • Dopamine (1)
      • FSH (19)
      • Gastrin (2)
      • GH (7)
      • GLP1 (2)
      • GLP2 (2)
      • Glucagon (4)
      • Glucocorticoids (3)
      • GNRH (1)
      • Gonadotropins (3)
      • HCG (2)
      • Hydroxypregnenolone (1)
      • IGF1 (6)
      • IGF2 (2)
      • Insulin (36)
      • Kisspeptin (1)
      • Leptin (1)
      • LH (20)
      • Metanephrines (4)
      • Noradrenaline (1)
      • Normetanephrine (1)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (8)
      • Oestrogens (1)
      • Oxyntomodulin (1)
      • Progesterone (2)
      • Prolactin (10)
      • Prostaglandins (1)
      • PTH (12)
      • Renin (1)
      • Somatostatin (1)
      • Testosterone (22)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (33)
      • TRH (2)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (23)
      • TSH (33)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (138)
      • Abscess (2)
      • Acromegaly (2)
      • Addison's disease (3)
      • Adenocarcinoma (2)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (8)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (2)
      • Adrenocortical carcinoma (2)
      • Amenorrhoea (primary) (1)
      • Anaemia (2)
      • Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (1)
      • Autoimmune disorders (7)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (3)
      • Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (2)
      • Breast cancer (1)
      • Burkitt’s lymphoma (1)
      • Carcinoid tumour (1)
      • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (1)
      • Congenital hyperinsulinism (1)
      • Conn's syndrome (1)
      • Corticotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Cryptorchidism (2)
      • Cushing's disease (4)
      • Cushing's syndrome (15)
      • Diabetes - mitochondrial (1)
      • Diabetes - steroid-induced (1)
      • Diabetes insipidus - gestational (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus - nephrogenic (1)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (5)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (12)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (10)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (6)
      • Down syndrome (1)
      • Eating disorders (1)
      • Ectopic ACTH syndrome (2)
      • Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (2)
      • Eosinophilic myositis (1)
      • Euthyroid sick syndrome (1)
      • Fat necrosis (1)
      • Fetal demise (1)
      • Follicular thyroid cancer (1)
      • Gastrinoma (2)
      • Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (1)
      • Gestational diabetes mellitus (3)
      • Glucagonoma (2)
      • Glycogen storage disease (1)
      • Goitre (multinodular) (4)
      • Gonadal dysgenesis (2)
      • Granuloma (1)
      • Graves' disease (7)
      • Graves' ophthalmopathy (2)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (adult) (1)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (childhood onset) (1)
      • Gynaecomastia (3)
      • Haemorrhage (2)
      • Hashimoto’s disease (3)
      • Hyperaldosteronism (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (4)
      • Hypercalcaemia (3)
      • Hyperglucogonaemia (2)
      • Hyperglycaemia (12)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (3)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (4)
      • Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (3)
      • Hyperkalaemia (3)
      • Hypernatraemia (2)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (primary) (7)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (1)
      • Hypersexuality (1)
      • Hypertension (1)
      • Hyperthyroidism (8)
      • Hypocalcaemia (3)
      • Hypoglycaemia (11)
      • Hypogonadism (3)
      • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (6)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (1)
      • Hypokalaemia (4)
      • Hyponatraemia (8)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (1)
      • Hypophysitis (4)
      • Hypopituitarism (10)
      • Hypothyroidism (10)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (10)
      • Idiopathic pituitary hyperplasia (1)
      • IgG4–related systemic disease (2)
      • Incidentaloma (1)
      • Infertility (2)
      • Insulin autoimmune syndrome (1)
      • Insulin resistance (2)
      • Intracranial vasospasm (1)
      • Ischaemic heart disease (1)
      • Kallmann syndrome (1)
      • Ketoacidosis (1)
      • Klinefelter syndrome (3)
      • Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (1)
      • Leydig cell tumour (2)
      • Lipodystrophy (2)
      • Lipomatosis (1)
      • Liver failure (6)
      • Lymphadenopathy (3)
      • Medullary thyroid cancer (2)
      • MEN1 (3)
      • MEN2A (1)
      • Metabolic acidosis (3)
      • Metastatic carcinoma (6)
      • Metastatic gastrinoma (1)
      • Metastatic melanoma (4)
      • Microadenoma (3)
      • Motor neurone disease (1)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myositis (3)
      • Neonatal diabetes (2)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (8)
      • Neurofibromatosis (2)
      • Nodular hyperplasia (1)
      • Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (1)
      • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2)
      • Non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia (2)
      • Noonan syndrome (1)
      • Obesity (3)
      • Osteogenesis imperfecta (1)
      • Osteoporosis (4)
      • Ovarian cancer (2)
      • Ovarian tumour (2)
      • Pancreatitis (5)
      • Panhypopituitarism (2)
      • Papillary thyroid cancer (4)
      • Paraganglioma (1)
      • Paranasal sinus lesion (1)
      • Paraneoplastic syndromes (3)
      • Parathyroid adenoma (3)
      • Parathyroid carcinoma (1)
      • Parathroid hyperplasia (1)
      • PCOS (1)
      • Phaeochromocytoma (5)
      • Phaeochromocytoma crisis (1)
      • Pituitary adenoma (9)
      • Pituitary apoplexy (2)
      • Pituitary cyst (1)
      • Pituitary haemorrhage (2)
      • Pituitary hyperplasia (2)
      • Pituitary tumour (malignant) (2)
      • POEMS syndrome (1)
      • Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (1)
      • Pre-eclampsia (2)
      • Pregnancy (2)
      • Premature ovarian failure (1)
      • Prostate cancer (1)
      • Puberty (delayed or absent) (1)
      • Puberty (precocious) (2)
      • Rhabdomyolysis (3)
      • Sexual development disorders (4)
      • SIADH (3)
      • Small-cell carcinoma (2)
      • Small intestine neuroendocrine tumour (1)
      • Solitary fibrous tumour (1)
      • Somatotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Struma ovarii (1)
      • Systemic lupus erythematosus (1)
      • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (1)
      • Thyroid carcinoma (2)
      • Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (2)
      • Thyroid storm (7)
      • Thyroiditis (5)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (10)
      • Traumatic brain injury (1)
      • Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia (1)
      • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (1)
      • Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (151)
    • Open Section Age (150)
      • Adolescent/young adult (21)
      • Adult (105)
      • Geriatric (7)
      • Neonatal (4)
      • Paediatric (13)
      • Pregnant adult (5)
    • Open Section Gender (150)
      • Female (83)
      • Male (73)
    • Open Section Ethnicity (151)
      • Asian - Bangladeshi (2)
      • Asian - Chinese (10)
      • Asian - Filipino (2)
      • Asian - Indian (3)
      • Asian - Japanese (8)
      • Asian - Korean (1)
      • Asian - Pakistani (3)
      • Asian - Vietnamese (1)
      • Asian - other (10)
      • Black - African (5)
      • Black - Caribbean (3)
      • Black - other (2)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Central American or South American (4)
      • Hispanic or Latino - other (2)
      • Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander (1)
      • White (94)
      • Other (4)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (146)
      • Argentina (2)
      • Australia (27)
      • Austria (1)
      • Bangladesh (2)
      • Canada (3)
      • Croatia (1)
      • Denmark (1)
      • France (2)
      • Germany (3)
      • Greece (2)
      • Hong Kong (1)
      • India (1)
      • Ireland (4)
      • Israel (2)
      • Italy (7)
      • Japan (8)
      • Lebanon (2)
      • Malaysia (1)
      • Morocco (1)
      • Netherlands (1)
      • New Zealand (1)
      • Peru (1)
      • Poland (1)
      • Portugal (7)
      • Saudi Arabia (1)
      • Singapore (5)
      • Spain (4)
      • Sweden (1)
      • Taiwan, Province of China (1)
      • Thailand (1)
      • Tunisia (2)
      • Turkey (1)
      • United Arab Emirates (1)
      • United Kingdom (35)
      • United States (13)
      • Venezuela (1)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (140)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (140)
      • Abdominal distension (3)
      • Abdominal cramp (1)
      • Abdominal guarding (1)
      • Abdominal lump (3)
      • Abdominal pain (22)
      • Abdominal tenderness (3)
      • Abnormal posture (1)
      • Acanthosis nigricans (3)
      • Accelerated growth (1)
      • Acne (3)
      • Acrochorda (1)
      • Acute stress reaction (1)
      • Agitation (1)
      • Alopecia (2)
      • Altered level of consciousness (2)
      • Ambiguous genitalia (1)
      • Amenorrhoea (6)
      • Amnesia (1)
      • Anaemia (6)
      • Anorexia (8)
      • Anosmia (1)
      • Anxiety (1)
      • Aphasia (1)
      • Appetite increase (2)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (7)
      • Arthralgia (1)
      • Ascites (2)
      • Asthenia (6)
      • Atrial fibrillation (9)
      • Back pain (3)
      • Bacteraemia (1)
      • Behavioural problems (1)
      • Bloating (2)
      • Bone fracture(s) (5)
      • Bone lesions (1)
      • Bone pain (2)
      • Bony metastases (1)
      • Bowel obstruction (1)
      • Breast lump (1)
      • Breathing difficulties (4)
      • Buffalo hump (1)
      • Cachexia (1)
      • Cardiogenic shock (1)
      • Cardiomegaly (2)
      • Cardiomyopathy (2)
      • Central obesity (3)
      • Cervical pain (1)
      • Chest pain (5)
      • Chest pain (pleuritic) (1)
      • Chills (3)
      • Chronic pain (1)
      • Cirrhosis (2)
      • Clitoromegaly (2)
      • Clumsiness (1)
      • Coagulopathy (2)
      • Cognitive problems (3)
      • Cold intolerance (2)
      • Coma (3)
      • Concentration difficulties (3)
      • Confusion (5)
      • Constipation (6)
      • Coughing (4)
      • Crackles (3)
      • Cramps (3)
      • Cryptorchidism (2)
      • Cutaneous pigmentation (2)
      • Deafness (1)
      • Dehydration (5)
      • Delayed puberty (1)
      • Delirium (2)
      • Dementia (1)
      • Depression (5)
      • Diabetes insipidus (7)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (11)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (7)
      • Diabetic neuropathy (1)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (6)
      • Diarrhoea (10)
      • Diplopia (2)
      • Dizziness (7)
      • Dyslipidaemia (2)
      • Dysphagia (2)
      • Dysphonia (2)
      • Dyspnoea (8)
      • Ears - low set (1)
      • Ears - pinna abnormalities (1)
      • Ecchymoses (2)
      • Ectopic ureter (1)
      • Enlarged prostate (1)
      • Eosinophilia (1)
      • Erectile dysfunction (2)
      • Erythema (1)
      • Eyelid swelling (1)
      • Eyes - inflammation (1)
      • Eyes - redness (1)
      • Eyes - watering (1)
      • Face - change in appearance (1)
      • Face - coarse features (1)
      • Facial palsy (1)
      • Facial plethora (4)
      • Facies - abnormal (3)
      • Facies - moon (7)
      • Fatigue (41)
      • Feet - cold (1)
      • Feet - increased size (2)
      • Galactorrhoea (1)
      • Genu varum (1)
      • Gestational diabetes (1)
      • Glucose intolerance (1)
      • Glucosuria (3)
      • Goitre (13)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (2)
      • Gynaecomastia (7)
      • Haematoma (3)
      • Haematuria (2)
      • Haemoptysis (1)
      • Hair - temporal balding (1)
      • Headache (20)
      • Hearing loss (1)
      • Heart failure (7)
      • Heart murmur (1)
      • Heat intolerance (2)
      • Hemiparesis (1)
      • Hepatic cysts (1)
      • Hepatic metastases (3)
      • Hepatomegaly (6)
      • Hirsutism (12)
      • Hyperandrogenism (4)
      • Hypercalcaemia (7)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (10)
      • Hyperglucagonaemia (3)
      • Hyperglycaemia (18)
      • Hyperhidrosis (6)
      • Hyperhomocysteinaemia (1)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (6)
      • Hyperkalaemia (4)
      • Hypernatraemia (3)
      • Hyperpigmentation (4)
      • Hyperplasia (2)
      • Hyperpnoea (1)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (2)
      • Hyperseborrhea (1)
      • Hypertension (21)
      • Hyperthermia (1)
      • Hyperthyroidism (9)
      • Hypertrichosis (2)
      • Hypertrophy (1)
      • Hyperuricaemia (2)
      • Hypoadrenalism (2)
      • Hypoalbuminaemia (1)
      • Hypocalciuria (1)
      • Hypoglycaemia (17)
      • Hypogonadism (15)
      • Hypoinsulinaemia (1)
      • Hypokalaemia (11)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (5)
      • Hyponatraemia (17)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (1)
      • Hypophosphataemia (2)
      • Hypopituitarism (6)
      • Hypoprolactinaemia (1)
      • Hyporeflexia (1)
      • Hypospadias (1)
      • Hypotension (15)
      • Hypothermia (1)
      • Hypothyroidism (10)
      • Hypotonia (1)
      • Hypovitaminosis D (1)
      • Hypovolaemia (1)
      • Hypoxia (6)
      • Immunodeficiency (1)
      • Impulsivity (1)
      • Inattention (1)
      • Infertility (2)
      • Insomnia (2)
      • Insulin resistance (1)
      • Irritability (3)
      • Ischaemia (2)
      • Jaundice (3)
      • Ketonuria (4)
      • Kidney dysplasia (2)
      • Kidney stones (2)
      • Kyphoscoliosis (1)
      • Leg pain (1)
      • Leukocytosis (5)
      • Libido increase (1)
      • Libido reduction/loss (2)
      • Liver masses (1)
      • Lymphadenectomy (1)
      • Lymphadenitis (5)
      • Macroglossia (1)
      • Malaise (3)
      • Metabolic acidosis (7)
      • Metabolic alkalosis (5)
      • Micropenis (3)
      • Muscle atrophy (5)
      • Myalgia (7)
      • Myasthaenia (14)
      • Myocardial infarction (2)
      • Myopathy (3)
      • Nausea (16)
      • Neck - loose skin (nape) (1)
      • Neck - short (1)
      • Neck mass (1)
      • Necrolytic migratory erythema (2)
      • Neurofibromas (2)
      • Nocturia (7)
      • Normochromic normocytic anaemia (5)
      • Nystagmus (1)
      • Obesity (9)
      • Oedema (14)
      • Oligomenorrhoea (1)
      • Oliguria (1)
      • Ophthalmoplegia (1)
      • Orthostatic hypotension (1)
      • Osteoarthritis (1)
      • Osteopenia (3)
      • Osteoporosis (4)
      • Osteosclerosis (1)
      • Ovarian cysts (3)
      • Pallor (1)
      • Palpitations (7)
      • Pancreatic fibrosis (1)
      • Pancreatitis (5)
      • Pancytopaenia (2)
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      • Paranoia (1)
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      • Peripheral oedema (2)
      • Photophobia (1)
      • Pleurisy (1)
      • Pneumonia (3)
      • Poikiloderma (1)
      • Polycythaemia (1)
      • Polydipsia (21)
      • Polyuria (19)
      • Premature birth (2)
      • Prognathism (1)
      • Proptosis (1)
      • Proteinuria (4)
      • Psychosis (2)
      • Ptosis (2)
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      • Pulmonary embolism (1)
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      • Rash (6)
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      • Renal failure (7)
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      • Retinopathy (1)
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      • Sixth nerve palsy (1)
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      • Skin thinning (1)
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      • Tachycardia (21)
      • Tachypnoea (2)
      • T-reflex (depressed) (1)
      • Thermodysregulation (1)
      • Thrombocytopenia (3)
      • Thrombocytosis (1)
      • Thyroid nodule (1)
      • Thyrotoxicosis (7)
      • Tics (1)
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      • Umbilical hernia (1)
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      • Vaginal dryness (1)
      • Vaginal pain/tenderness (1)
      • Ventricular fibrillation (2)
      • Ventricular hypertrophy (2)
      • Vertigo (1)
      • Virilisation (abnormal) (4)
      • Vision - acuity reduction (2)
      • Vision - blurred (5)
      • Visual disturbance (2)
      • Visual field defect (1)
      • Visual impairment (1)
      • Vitiligo (1)
      • Vocal cord paresis (1)
      • Vomiting (17)
      • Weight gain (14)
      • Weight loss (29)
    • Open Section Investigation (140)
      • 17OHP (4)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (4)
      • 5HIAA (1)
      • Acid-base balance (1)
      • ACTH (28)
      • ACTH stimulation (11)
      • Activated partial thromboplastin time (3)
      • Adiponectin (1)
      • Adrenal antibodies (2)
      • Adrenal venous sampling (1)
      • Adrenaline (2)
      • Alanine aminotransferase (7)
      • Albumin (8)
      • Albumin to creatinine ratio (3)
      • Aldosterone (blood) (2)
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      • Aldosterone to renin ratio (1)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (12)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (2)
      • Ammonia (3)
      • Amylase (1)
      • Androstenedione (2)
      • Angiography (6)
      • Anion gap (4)
      • Anticardiolipin antibody (1)
      • Anti-insulin antibodies (2)
      • Anti-islet cell antibody (1)
      • Antinuclear antibody (6)
      • Basal insulin (1)
      • Base excess (1)
      • Apolipoprotein H (1)
      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (5)
      • Bicarbonate (14)
      • Bilirubin (5)
      • Biopsy (7)
      • Blood film (4)
      • Blood pressure (17)
      • BMI (13)
      • Bone age (2)
      • Bone biopsy (3)
      • Bone mineral density (4)
      • Brain natriuretic peptide (3)
      • C3 complement (1)
      • C4 complement (1)
      • Calcitonin (2)
      • Calcium (serum) (15)
      • Calcium (urine) (4)
      • Carcinoembryonic antigen (2)
      • Catecholamines (24-hour urine) (2)
      • Catecholamines (plasma) (1)
      • CD-56 (2)
      • Chemokines (1)
      • Chloride (4)
      • Chromogranin A (10)
      • Chromosomal analysis (4)
      • Clomid challenge (1)
      • Continuous glucose monitoring (1)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (1)
      • Cortisol (20)
      • Cortisol (9am) (8)
      • Cortisol (plasma) (2)
      • Cortisol (midnight) (2)
      • Cortisol (serum) (17)
      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (10)
      • C-peptide (blood) (17)
      • C-reactive protein (15)
      • Creatinine (12)
      • Creatine kinase (6)
      • Creatinine (serum) (6)
      • CRH stimulation (3)
      • CTPA scan (4)
      • CT scan (70)
      • C-telopeptide (1)
      • Cytokines (1)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (1)
      • DEXA scan (6)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (8)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (high dose) (4)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (low dose) (4)
      • DHEA Sulphate (4)
      • DNA sequencing (11)
      • Dopamine (2)
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