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  • Open Section Clinical Overview (134)
    • Open Section Gland/Organ (133)
      • Adipose tissue (3)
      • Adrenal (37)
      • Bone (11)
      • Duodenum (5)
      • Heart (1)
      • Hypothalamus (2)
      • Kidney (13)
      • Liver (7)
      • Ovaries (7)
      • Pancreas (23)
      • Parathyroid (16)
      • Pineal (1)
      • Pituitary (29)
      • Skin (1)
      • Stomach (2)
      • Testes (6)
      • Thymus (1)
      • Thyroid (16)
    • Open Section Topic (127)
      • Adrenal (30)
      • Autoimmunity (1)
      • Bone (10)
      • Cardiovascular endocrinology (2)
      • Developmental endocrinology (1)
      • Diabetes (18)
      • Endocrine-related cancer (9)
      • Genetics and mutation (12)
      • Gynaecological endocrinology (2)
      • Neuroendocrinology (3)
      • Obesity (1)
      • Paediatric endocrinology (6)
      • Pituitary (24)
      • Puberty (2)
      • Thyroid (12)
      • Tumours and neoplasia (4)
    • Open Section Hormone (108)
      • 17OHP (5)
      • ACTH (23)
      • Adrenaline (3)
      • Aldosterone (7)
      • Androgens (4)
      • Androstenedione (6)
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (1)
      • AVP (3)
      • Calcitonin (5)
      • Calcitriol (1)
      • Corticosterone (1)
      • Cortisol (23)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (4)
      • Deoxycorticosterone (1)
      • Deoxycortisol (1)
      • DHEA (3)
      • Dihydrotestosterone (2)
      • Dopamine (1)
      • FSH (14)
      • Gastrin (2)
      • GH (13)
      • GLP1 (1)
      • GLP2 (1)
      • Glucagon (2)
      • Glucocorticoids (4)
      • GNRH (2)
      • Gonadotropins (5)
      • Hydroxypregnenolone (2)
      • IGF1 (11)
      • Inhibin (1)
      • Insulin (25)
      • LH (15)
      • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (1)
      • Metanephrines (8)
      • Mineralocorticoids (1)
      • Noradrenaline (5)
      • Normetanephrine (9)
      • Oestradiol (E2) (6)
      • Pregnenolone (4)
      • Progesterone (5)
      • Prolactin (12)
      • Prostaglandins (1)
      • PTH (16)
      • Renin (5)
      • Somatostatin (1)
      • Testosterone (15)
      • Thyroxine (T4) (16)
      • TRH (2)
      • Triiodothyronine (T3) (10)
      • TSH (15)
      • Vitamin D (1)
    • Open Section Condition/ Syndrome (123)
      • 17-alpha hydroxylase/17,20 lyase deficiency (1)
      • 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency (1)
      • Acanthosis Nigricans (1)
      • Acromegaly (3)
      • Addisonian crisis (1)
      • Adrenal insufficiency (10)
      • Adrenal salt-wasting crisis (3)
      • Adrenocortical adenoma (2)
      • Adrenocortical carcinoma (2)
      • Amenorrhoea (primary) (2)
      • Anaplastic thyroid cancer (1)
      • Androgen insensitivity syndrome (1)
      • Autoimmune disorders (3)
      • Autoimmune hypophysitis (2)
      • Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (1)
      • Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (1)
      • CASR gene mutation (1)
      • Carney complex (2)
      • Carotid body paraganglioma (1)
      • C-cell hyperplasia (1)
      • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (10)
      • Congenital hypothyroidism (1)
      • Congenital hyperinsulinism (5)
      • Corticotrophic adenoma (1)
      • Craniopharyngioma (1)
      • Cryptorchidism (1)
      • Cushing's disease (1)
      • Cushing's syndrome (9)
      • Developmental abnormalities (2)
      • Diabetes - mitochondrial (1)
      • Diabetes insipidus - gestational (1)
      • Diabetes insipidus - neurogenic/central (4)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (4)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (2)
      • Diabetic foot syndrome (1)
      • Empty sella syndrome (2)
      • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (3)
      • Fetal demise (1)
      • Follicular thyroid cancer (1)
      • Gastrinoma (2)
      • GCK mutation (1)
      • Gestational diabetes mellitus (3)
      • Gigantism (1)
      • Gitelman syndrome (1)
      • Goitre (1)
      • Gonadal dysgenesis (2)
      • Granuloma (1)
      • Graves' disease (1)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (adult) (1)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (childhood onset) (5)
      • Gynaecomastia (2)
      • Hemihypertrophy (1)
      • Hereditary multiple osteochondroma (1)
      • Hürthle cell adenoma (1)
      • Hypercalcaemia (8)
      • Hyperglucogonaemia (1)
      • Hyperglycaemia (6)
      • Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (4)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (4)
      • Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (3)
      • Hyperkalaemia (3)
      • Hypernatraemia (2)
      • Hyperparathyroidism (primary) (9)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (1)
      • Hypertension (4)
      • Hypocalcaemia (3)
      • Hypoglycaemia (10)
      • Hypogonadism (7)
      • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (5)
      • Hypokalaemia (1)
      • Hyponatraemia (3)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (2)
      • Hypophosphataemia (3)
      • Hypopituitarism (6)
      • Hypothyroidism (8)
      • Iatrogenic disorder (1)
      • Idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (1)
      • Idiopathic pituitary hyperplasia (2)
      • Incidentaloma (1)
      • Insulin autoimmune syndrome (2)
      • Insulin resistance (1)
      • Insulinoma (1)
      • Intrauterine growth retardation (2)
      • Ischaemic heart disease (1)
      • Kallmann syndrome (1)
      • Klinefelter syndrome (1)
      • Laron syndrome (1)
      • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) (1)
      • Lipodystrophy (1)
      • Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (2)
      • Macronodular hyperplasia (1)
      • Macroprolactinoma (1)
      • Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) (1)
      • Medullary thyroid cancer (3)
      • MEN1 (8)
      • MEN2A (1)
      • Metastatic carcinoma (2)
      • Metastatic gastrinoma (1)
      • Metastatic melanoma (1)
      • Metastatic tumour (2)
      • Microadenoma (1)
      • Microprolactinoma (1)
      • Myelolipoma (1)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (1)
      • Neonatal diabetes (3)
      • Nephrolithiasis (1)
      • Neuroendocrine tumour (10)
      • Neurofibromatosis (3)
      • Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (2)
      • Obesity (2)
      • Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (1)
      • Osteomalacia (1)
      • Osteoporosis (2)
      • Osteosclerosis (1)
      • Ovarian cancer (2)
      • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (1)
      • Pancreatitis (3)
      • Papillary thyroid cancer (5)
      • Paraganglioma (3)
      • Parathyroid adenoma (7)
      • Parathyroid carcinoma (1)
      • Parathroid hyperplasia (3)
      • PCOS (3)
      • Periodontal disease (1)
      • Phaeochromocytoma (10)
      • Pituitary adenoma (9)
      • Pituitary cyst (1)
      • Pituitary haemorrhage (1)
      • Pituitary hyperplasia (2)
      • Pituitary hypoplasia (3)
      • Pituitary tumour (malignant) (1)
      • Pregnancy (2)
      • Premature ovarian failure (2)
      • Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (1)
      • Prolactinoma (1)
      • Prostate cancer (1)
      • Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (3)
      • Pseudohypoparathyroidism (1)
      • Puberty (precocious) (1)
      • Pulmonary oedema (1)
      • Sexual development disorders (6)
      • Short stature (5)
      • Small intestine neuroendocrine tumour (1)
      • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (1)
      • Thyroid carcinoma (1)
      • Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome (4)
      • Thyroid nodule (1)
      • Tuberous sclerosis complex (1)
      • Tumour-induced osteomalacia (1)
  • Open Section Patient Demographics (134)
    • Open Section Age (134)
      • Adolescent/young adult (24)
      • Adult (77)
      • Geriatric (5)
      • Neonatal (11)
      • Paediatric (27)
      • Pregnant adult (5)
    • Open Section Gender (134)
      • Female (79)
      • Male (65)
    • Open Section Ethnicity (134)
      • American Indian or Alaska Native (1)
      • Asian - Bangladeshi (3)
      • Asian - Chinese (6)
      • Asian - Filipino (1)
      • Asian - Indian (6)
      • Asian - Japanese (10)
      • Asian - Korean (1)
      • Asian - Pakistani (2)
      • Asian - other (8)
      • Black - African (6)
      • Black - Caribbean (1)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Central American or South American (2)
      • Hispanic or Latino - Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano (3)
      • Hispanic or Latino - other (3)
      • Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander (1)
      • White (81)
      • Other (7)
    • Open Section Country of Treatment (130)
      • Australia (15)
      • Bangladesh (2)
      • Brazil (2)
      • Canada (5)
      • Denmark (3)
      • Germany (4)
      • Greece (6)
      • Hong Kong (2)
      • India (1)
      • Iran, Islamic Republic of (2)
      • Ireland (2)
      • Israel (1)
      • Italy (3)
      • Japan (10)
      • Netherlands (1)
      • New Zealand (2)
      • Norway (1)
      • Oman (1)
      • Poland (1)
      • Portugal (8)
      • Russian Federation (1)
      • Saudi Arabia (1)
      • Singapore (2)
      • Spain (7)
      • Switzerland (2)
      • Syrian Arab Republic (1)
      • Taiwan, Province of China (1)
      • United Arab Emirates (1)
      • United Kingdom (26)
      • United States (17)
      • Venezuela (1)
  • Open Section Diagnosis and Treatment (123)
    • Open Section Signs and Symptoms (121)
      • Abdominal adiposity (1)
      • Abdominal distension (3)
      • Abdominal discomfort (2)
      • Abdominal lump (3)
      • Abdominal pain (10)
      • Abdominal wall defects (1)
      • Acanthosis nigricans (3)
      • Accelerated growth (1)
      • Adverse breast development (1)
      • Aggression (2)
      • Albuminuria (1)
      • Alopecia (1)
      • Ambiguous genitalia (4)
      • Amenorrhoea (9)
      • Amnesia (2)
      • Anaemia (2)
      • Ankle swelling (1)
      • Anorexia (1)
      • Anosmia (1)
      • Anxiety (4)
      • Aphasia (1)
      • Appetite increase (1)
      • Appetite reduction/loss (3)
      • Arthralgia (3)
      • Asthenia (2)
      • Atrial fibrillation (1)
      • Atrophy (2)
      • ADHD (1)
      • Autism (2)
      • Back pain (3)
      • Behavioural problems (3)
      • Bifid scrotum (1)
      • Blindness (1)
      • Bone fracture(s) (4)
      • Bone pain (3)
      • Bowel movements - bleeding (1)
      • Bowel obstruction (1)
      • Brachydactyly (3)
      • Bradycardia (2)
      • Breathing difficulties (1)
      • Buffalo hump (1)
      • Calcification (1)
      • Cardiac malformations (3)
      • Cardiogenic shock (1)
      • Cardiomyopathy (3)
      • Cataract(s) (1)
      • Central obesity (1)
      • Chest pain (3)
      • Chondrocalcinosis (1)
      • Clitoromegaly (1)
      • Cognitive problems (2)
      • Cold intolerance (2)
      • Collapse (2)
      • Concentration difficulties (1)
      • Confusion (2)
      • Constipation (2)
      • Coordination difficulties (1)
      • Coughing (2)
      • Cramps (2)
      • Craniofacial abnormalities (2)
      • Cryptorchidism (2)
      • Cutaneous pigmentation (1)
      • Deafness (1)
      • Dehydration (2)
      • Delayed puberty (3)
      • Dental problems (1)
      • Depression (2)
      • Diabetes insipidus (4)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (6)
      • Diabetes mellitus type 2 (6)
      • Diabetic nephropathy (1)
      • Diabetic foot ulceration (1)
      • Diabetic ketoacidosis (1)
      • Diarrhoea (6)
      • Dizziness (6)
      • Dyslipidaemia (2)
      • Dysphagia (2)
      • Dysphonia (1)
      • Dyspnoea (4)
      • Ears - low set (1)
      • Ears - pinna abnormalities (1)
      • Ecchymoses (2)
      • Erectile dysfunction (1)
      • Erythema (1)
      • Eyelid swelling (1)
      • Face - coarse features (4)
      • Facial fullness (3)
      • Facial palsy (1)
      • Facial plethora (5)
      • Facies - abnormal (9)
      • Facies - moon (5)
      • Failure to thrive (3)
      • Fatigue (28)
      • Feet - cold (1)
      • Feet - increased size (1)
      • Flushing (1)
      • Frontal bossing (1)
      • Galactorrhoea (3)
      • Genu valgum (1)
      • Gestational diabetes (2)
      • Glucose intolerance (1)
      • Glucosuria (1)
      • Goitre (9)
      • Growth hormone deficiency (5)
      • Growth retardation (8)
      • Gynaecomastia (6)
      • Haematoma (1)
      • Haematuria (1)
      • Haemoptysis (1)
      • Hands - enlargement (2)
      • Head - large (1)
      • Headache (22)
      • Hearing loss (1)
      • Heart failure (1)
      • Heart murmur (2)
      • Hemianopia (2)
      • Hemiparesis (1)
      • Hepatic cysts (1)
      • Hepatomegaly (2)
      • Hidradenitis suppurativa (1)
      • Hirsutism (6)
      • Hydronephrosis (1)
      • Hyperactivity (1)
      • Hyperandrogenism (2)
      • Hypercalcaemia (13)
      • Hypercalciuria (3)
      • Hypercholesterolaemia (1)
      • Hypercortisolaemia (4)
      • Hyperglucagonaemia (1)
      • Hyperglycaemia (7)
      • Hyperhidrosis (2)
      • Hyperinsulinaemia (9)
      • Hyperkalaemia (4)
      • Hypernatraemia (3)
      • Hyperpigmentation (8)
      • Hyperplasia (4)
      • Hyperpnoea (1)
      • Hyperprolactinaemia (2)
      • Hyperseborrhea (1)
      • Hypertension (16)
      • Hypertrichosis (3)
      • Hyperuricaemia (1)
      • Hypoadrenalism (1)
      • Hypocalciuria (4)
      • Hypoglycaemia (10)
      • Hypogonadism (13)
      • Hypokalaemia (2)
      • Hypomagnesaemia (4)
      • Hyponatraemia (4)
      • Hypoparathyroidism (2)
      • Hypophosphataemia (7)
      • Hypopituitarism (5)
      • Hyporeflexia (1)
      • Hypospadias (2)
      • Hypotension (5)
      • Hypothyroidism (8)
      • Hypotonia (3)
      • Hypovitaminosis D (1)
      • Infertility (2)
      • Insulin resistance (2)
      • Irritability (3)
      • Jaundice (1)
      • Kidney dysplasia (1)
      • Kidney stones (2)
      • Kyphoscoliosis (1)
      • Leg pain (4)
      • Leukocytosis (2)
      • Libido reduction/loss (3)
      • Lordosis (1)
      • Lymphadenitis (1)
      • Macroglossia (2)
      • Malaise (1)
      • Metabolic acidosis (3)
      • Metabolic alkalosis (1)
      • Micropenis (2)
      • Mood changes/swings (1)
      • Muscle atrophy (3)
      • Myalgia (3)
      • Myasthaenia (9)
      • Myocardial infarction (1)
      • Myopathy (2)
      • Myopia (1)
      • Nausea (8)
      • Neck pain/discomfort (1)
      • Necrosis (1)
      • Nephrocalcinosis (3)
      • Neurofibromas (3)
      • Nocturia (1)
      • Nose - depressed bridge (1)
      • Nystagmus (1)
      • Obesity (11)
      • Oedema (1)
      • Oligomenorrhoea (1)
      • Osteomalacia (2)
      • Osteopenia (2)
      • Osteoporosis (8)
      • Osteosclerosis (1)
      • Palpitations (10)
      • Pancreatic fibrosis (1)
      • Pancreatitis (3)
      • Panic attacks (1)
      • Paraesthesia (2)
      • Periodontitis (1)
      • Peripheral oedema (2)
      • Phosphaturia (2)
      • Photophobia (1)
      • Polydipsia (12)
      • Polyuria (7)
      • Prognathism (1)
      • Proteinuria (2)
      • Psychomotor retardation (3)
      • Ptosis (1)
      • Puberty (delayed/absent) (1)
      • Puberty (early/precocious) (4)
      • Pyrexia (4)
      • Renal cyst (2)
      • Renal failure (2)
      • Renal tubular acidosis (1)
      • Respiratory failure (2)
      • Retinopathy (1)
      • Salt wasting (3)
      • Scoliosis (2)
      • Seizures (8)
      • Shivering (1)
      • Short stature (14)
      • Skeletal deformity (4)
      • Skin - texture change (2)
      • Skin pigmentation - spotty (1)
      • Skin thickening (1)
      • Skin thinning (1)
      • Sleep disturbance (1)
      • Sleep hyperhidrosis (1)
      • Slow growth (3)
      • Social difficulties (1)
      • Spasms (1)
      • Speech delay (2)
      • Splenomegaly (1)
      • Striae (6)
      • Subfertility (1)
      • Supraclavicular fat pads (2)
      • Sweating (3)
      • Tachycardia (7)
      • Tachypnoea (1)
      • Teeth gapping (1)
      • Telangiectasias (1)
      • T-reflex (depressed) (2)
      • Tetany (3)
      • Thrombocytopenia (2)
      • Thyroid nodule (3)
      • Tinnitus (2)
      • Tracheo-oesophageal compression (1)
      • Tremulousness (3)
      • Umbilical hernia (1)
      • Uterus duplex (1)
      • Vertigo (1)
      • Virilisation (abnormal) (5)
      • Vision - acuity reduction (1)
      • Vision - blurred (2)
      • Visual disturbance (5)
      • Visual field defect (3)
      • Visual impairment (3)
      • Vocal cord paresis (1)
      • Vomiting (10)
      • Weight gain (12)
      • Weight loss (10)
      • Wheezing (1)
    • Open Section Investigation (123)
      • 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy mandelic acid (1)
      • 17OHP (5)
      • 17-hydroxypregnenolone (urine) (1)
      • 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (4)
      • Aberrant adrenal receptors (1)
      • ACTH (24)
      • ACTH stimulation (10)
      • Adiponectin (1)
      • Adrenal antibodies (2)
      • Adrenal function (2)
      • Adrenal scintigraphy (2)
      • Adrenaline (1)
      • Albumin (2)
      • Albumin to creatinine ratio (1)
      • Aldosterone (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Aldosterone (blood) (4)
      • Aldosterone (serum) (3)
      • Aldosterone to renin ratio (1)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (5)
      • Alpha-fetoprotein (3)
      • AMH (1)
      • Ammonia (1)
      • Amniocentesis (1)
      • Amylase (1)
      • Androstenedione (7)
      • Angiography (2)
      • Anion gap (2)
      • Anti-insulin antibodies (2)
      • Anti-GH antibodies (1)
      • Anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (1)
      • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (6)
      • Bicarbonate (6)
      • Biopsy (3)
      • Blood pressure (11)
      • BMI (9)
      • Body fat mass (1)
      • Bone age (6)
      • Bone biopsy (2)
      • Bone mineral density (6)
      • Calcitonin (4)
      • Calcitriol (1)
      • Calcium (serum) (18)
      • Calcium (urine) (12)
      • Calcium to creatinine clearance ratio (6)
      • Carcinoembryonic antigen (3)
      • Catecholamines (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Catecholamines (plasma) (2)
      • CD-56 (2)
      • Chloride (3)
      • Chromatography (1)
      • Chromogranin A (7)
      • Chromosomal analysis (12)
      • Clonidine suppression (1)
      • Colonoscopy (1)
      • Core needle biopsy (1)
      • Corticosterone (2)
      • Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (1)
      • Cortisol (10)
      • Cortisol (9am) (2)
      • Cortisol (plasma) (5)
      • Cortisol (midnight) (1)
      • Cortisol (salivary) (2)
      • Cortisol (serum) (6)
      • Cortisol, free (24-hour urine) (5)
      • C-peptide (24-hour urine) (2)
      • C-peptide (blood) (14)
      • C-reactive protein (2)
      • Creatinine (2)
      • Creatine kinase (2)
      • Creatinine (24-hour urine) (1)
      • Creatinine (serum) (4)
      • Creatinine clearance (1)
      • CT scan (46)
      • Dehydroepiandrostenedione (5)
      • Deoxycorticosterone (1)
      • DEXA scan (3)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (4)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (high dose) (4)
      • Dexamethasone suppression (low dose) (6)
      • DHEA Sulphate (4)
      • Discectomy (1)
      • DNA sequencing (31)
      • Dopamine (2)
      • Echocardiogram (6)
      • Electrocardiogram (8)
      • Electrolytes (2)
      • Electromyography (2)
      • Endoscopic ultrasound (3)
      • Endoscopy (4)
      • Endosonography (1)
      • Epinephrine (plasma) (1)
      • Epinephrine (urine) (1)
      • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (2)
      • Exercise tolerance (1)
      • FBC (1)
      • FGF23 (2)
      • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (8)
      • FSH (17)
      • FT3 (8)
      • FT4 (15)
      • GADA (3)
      • Gallium scan (2)
      • Gastrin (3)
      • Genetic analysis (28)
      • GH (11)
      • GH day curve (1)
      • GH stimulation (3)
      • GH suppression (2)
      • GLP-1 (1)
      • GLP-2 (1)
      • Glucagon (2)
      • Glucose (blood) (13)
      • Glucose (blood, fasting) (10)
      • Glucose (blood, postprandial) (1)
      • Glucose tolerance (2)
      • Glucose tolerance (oral) (7)
      • GNRH stimulation (1)
      • Gonadotrophins (4)
      • Haematoxylin and eosin staining (11)
      • Haemoglobin (1)
      • Haemoglobin A1c (15)
      • HCG (serum) (2)
      • HCG stimulation (2)
      • Heart rate (2)
      • Histopathology (36)
      • HLA genotyping (3)
      • HOMA (4)
      • Hydroxyprogesterone (1)
      • Hydroxypregnenolone (1)
      • IGF1 (14)
      • IGFBP3 (4)
      • Immunocytochemistry (1)
      • Immunohistochemistry (22)
      • Immunoglobulin A (1)
      • Immunostaining (5)
      • Insulin (11)
      • Insulin (fasting) (2)
      • Ketones (plasma) (2)
      • Kidney function (1)
      • Lactate (2)
      • Lactate dehydrogenase (1)
      • LDL cholesterol (2)
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