Summary
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to the three-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) enzyme deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder presenting with sexual precocity in a phenotypic male. Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy presenting with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in a male. However, only a handful of cases of mosaic KS have been described in the literature. The co-existence of mosaic KS with CAH due to 3β-HSD enzyme deficiency portrays a unique diagnostic paradox where features of gonadal androgen deficiency are masked by simultaneous adrenal androgen excess. Here, we report a 7-year-old phenotypic male boy who, at birth presented with ambiguous genitalia, probably a microphallus with penoscrotal hypospadias. Later on, he developed accelerated growth with advanced bone age, premature pubarche, phallic enlargement and hyperpigmentation. Biochemically, the patient was proven to have CAH due to 3β-HSD deficiency. However, the co-existence of bilateral cryptorchidism made us to consider the possibility of hypogonadism as well, and it was further explained by concurrent existence of mosaic KS (47,XXY/46,XX). He was started on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement and underwent right-sided orchidopexy on a later date. He showed significant clinical and biochemical improvement on subsequent follow-up. However, the declining value of serum testosterone was accompanied by rising level of FSH thereby unmasking hypergonadotropic hypogonadism due to mosaic KS. In future, we are planning to place him on androgen replacement as well.
Learning points:
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Ambiguous genitalia with subsequent development of sexual precocity in a phenotypic male points towards some unusual varieties of CAH.
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High level of serum testosterone, adrenal androgen, plasma ACTH and low basal cortisol are proof of CAH, whereas elevated level of 17-OH pregnenolone is biochemical marker of 3β-HSD enzyme deficiency.
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Final diagnosis can be obtained with sequencing of HSD3B2 gene showing various mutations.
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Presence of bilateral cryptorchidism in such a patient may be due to underlying hypogonadism.
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Karyotyping in such patient may rarely show mosaic KS (47,XXY/46,XX) and there might be unmasking of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism resulting from adrenal androgen suppression from glucocorticoid treatment.
Background
The term congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) encompasses a group of autosomal recessive disorders, each of which involves a deficiency of enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathway of glucocorticoids, with or without involvement of mineralocorticoids (1). CAH due to the 3β-HSD enzyme deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results from mutations within HSD3B2 gene encoding 3β-HSD type 2 enzyme. It is an extremely rare form of CAH with only a number of cases till its first description in 1962 (2). It affects both sexes with a heterogeneous clinical presentation ranging from the severe salt-wasting crisis to the non-salt-wasting form, with or without ambiguous genitalia and/or premature pubarche in young children and hirsutism with menstrual disorders in older females. On the other hand, Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS) is the most common form of chromosomal aneuploidy, occurring in about 0.1–0.2% of the male population (3). It was first described in 1942 (4) as a syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, small and firm testes, azoospermia and elevated levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The majority of KS patients have the 47,XXY karyotype. Mosaicism like 47,XXY/46,XX with clinical features suggestive of KS is very rare. Thus far, only about 10 cases have been described in literature (5). Herein, we describe the first genotype proven case from Bangladesh, affected by both CAH due to 3β-HSD deficiency and mosaic KS (47,XXY/46,XX); the first causing androgen excess, and the latter androgen deficiency and thus displaying a distinctive pattern of amalgamation, defying the popular notion of Occam’s razor.
Case presentation
A 7-year-old child was referred to us from the department of urology for the medical evaluation of penoscrotal hypospadius with bilateral cryptorchidism since birth. The child was the first issue of a consanguineous marriage (Fig. 1) born by normal delivery at a remote local hospital. The antenatal and peripartum history were uneventful except for the baby’s ambiguous genitalia that created confusion on gender assignment, but was eventually declared as a male on clinical basis without further evaluation or karyotyping. The child (Fig. 2) was brought up as a male with normal developmental milestones and satisfactory school performance. However, since 7 years of age, he was noticed to have accelerated growth with appearance of axillary and pubic hair with progressive blackening of skin. His parents also noticed rapid phallic enlargement that brought him to medical attention. He had occasional nausea and diarrhea, however, denied to have any weakness, fatigue or postural dizziness. There was no history of salt wasting crisis, hypertension, maternal virilization during antenatal period, intake of related drugs or family history of similar type of illness or neonatal death. On examination, his height was just above 95th percentile, BMI 12.71 kg/m2 and upper-to-lower segment ratio was 1.05. He had generalized hyperpigmentation, which was more prominent in the palmer creases, knuckles, oral mucosa, extensor surfaces and on pressure areas. He was normotensive for age but with evidence of postural hypotension. Rest of the general and systemic examination including fundoscopy and other vital signs were normal. Sexual maturity rating was consistent with pubic hair-Tanner stage IV, stretched penile length (SPL) of 4 cm (Fig. 3), and external masculinization score (EMS) was −3. He had penoscrotal hypospadias, chordae and his scrotal skin was darkened and rugosed but with incomplete fusion and the testes were impalpable within the sac or inguinal region (Fig. 4).
Pedigree chart of the subject.
Citation: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports 2018, 1; 10.1530/EDM-18-0108
Front profile of the boy.
Citation: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports 2018, 1; 10.1530/EDM-18-0108
Phallic enlargement.
Citation: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports 2018, 1; 10.1530/EDM-18-0108
Appearance of external genitalia.
Citation: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports 2018, 1; 10.1530/EDM-18-0108
Investigation
Routine blood tests including liver and renal function, thyroid hormone profile and blood sugar were normal. Radiological bone age was advanced between 16 and 17 years. Serum electrolyte report showed Na-134 mmol/L, K-5.6 mmol/L, Cl-103 mmol/L. Hormonal assay (Table 1) showed low serum LH and FSH with inappropriately high age-matched testosterone level. Serum basal cortisol was low with elevated adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), high normal 17-OH progesterone but disproportionately elevated DHEA-S. The presence of genital ambiguity along with the pattern of adrenal hormonal profiles necessitated for the Δ5 precursor 17-OH pregnenolone and was found to be markedly elevated (Table 1). High baseline ACTH and 17-OH-pregnenolone obviated the need for ACTH stimulation test. CT scan of the abdomen showed a soft tissue density structure, measuring about 15 × 13 mm at the right side of the pelvic cavity in the region of inguinal canal likely representing right testis; however, left testis could not be delineated, both the adrenals were mildly enlarged (25 × 7.9 mm on right and 26 × 6.7 mm on left side) with uniform post-contrast enhancement (Fig. 5). An HCG stimulation test exhibited an elevated testosterone level from baseline to 561.63 ng/dL, confirming the presence of intra-abdominal viable testis. The presentation led to karyotyping and the report was quite unexpected: mosaic KS 47,XXY/46,XX (3:1). Ultimately, sequencing of HSD3B2 gene was done that showed the two homozygous mis-sense mutations V299I (GTA>ATA), S309T (TCC>ACC) and one heterozygous mutation Q311R (CAA>CGA) (Fig. 6).
CT scan of adrenal glands.
Citation: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports 2018, 1; 10.1530/EDM-18-0108
Partial nucleotide sequences of HSD3B2 gene showing in black arrows the homozygous G>A transversion (A) and heterozygous A>G transversion and T>A transition (B) in antisense strands. Upper panels in small letters show the complimentary sequences of the nucleotides and the three letter blocks show the respective amino acids.
Citation: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports 2018, 1; 10.1530/EDM-18-0108
Initial hormonal status of the subject.
| Hormonal assay | Test result | Reference value |
|---|---|---|
| Serum LH (mIU/mL) | 0.19 | ≤0.44 |
| Serum FSH (IU/L) | 3.83 | <3 |
| Serum testosterone (ng/dL) | 276 | ≤42 |
| Serum testosterone (following hCG) (ng/dL) | 561.63 | NA |
| Serum estradiol (pg/mL) | 11.8 | ≤4 |
| Basal cortisol (nmol/L) | 129 | 138–690 |
| Plasma ACTH (pg/mL) | 269 | 0.00–46 |
| 17-OH-progesterone (ng/mL) | 2.15 | 0.5–2.1 |
| 17-OH-pregnenolone (ng/dL) | 2097 | ≤72 |
| DHEA-S (µg/dL) | 331.80 | <186 |
| Androstenedione (ng/dL) | 34 | 6–115 |
Treatment
We discharged the patient with hydrocortisone 5 mg in the morning and 10 mg at night, fluodrocortisone 0.1 mg daily along with necessary advice. One month later, the urologist performed orchidopexy of right testis, whereas the left testis that found to be rudimentary was sacrificed (Fig. 7). At follow-up after 3 months, he had subjective improvement in terms of remission of fatigue, nausea and diarrhea, his skin became less pigmented though he developed mild tender gynecomastia.
Intra-abdominal testis on right side.
Citation: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports 2018, 1; 10.1530/EDM-18-0108
Outcome and follow-up
At subsequent follow-up at 6 months, the gynecomastia resolved and hormonal profile showed suppression of ACTH and adrenal androgens with biochemical unmasking of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism due to KS (Table 2). At present, correction of hypospadias as well as genetic screening of rest of the family members are awaited. In future, he will probably require androgen replacement when his hypogonadal features become more evident.
Hormonal profile following 6 months of suppressive glucocorticoid therapy.
| Hormonal assay | After treatment | Before treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Serum LH (mIU/mL) | 3.05 | 0.19 |
| Serum FSH (IU/L) | 13.96 | 3.83 |
| Serum testosterone (ng/dL) | 107.50 | 276 |
| Plasma ACTH (pg/mL) | 7.19 | 269 |
| DHEA-S (µg/dL) | 26.70 | 331.80 |
Discussion
CAH due to 3β-HSD deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results from mutations within the HSD3B2 gene encoding 3β-HSD type 2 enzyme that affects both adrenal and gonadal steroid production. The HSD3B2 gene, located on chromosome 1p13.1, is expressed almost exclusively in the adrenals and gonads while the highly homologous 3β-HSD type 1 (HSD3B1), located in the vicinity of the same chromosome, is expressed in placenta and peripheral tissues, such as skin, breast and prostate (6). The HSD3B2 gene consists of four exons, encodes a protein of 371 amino acids and shares 93.5% homology with type 1. In proximity residue, there are 5 pseudogenes (HSD3Bψ1–5); two of these pseudogenes (ψ1 and ψ2) separate the two expressed HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes, preventing them from sharing common promoter elements. Thus, along with the tissue-specific differential expression, HSD3B1 is usually normal in patients with 3β-HSD2 deficiency (6). A strong genotype–phenotype correlation exists. Nonsense and frame-shift mutations that ablate enzyme transcription or function result in salt-wasting forms of 3β-HSD2 deficiency. Conversely, single amino-acid substitutions that moderately decrease the affinity of the enzyme for substrate or cofactors, lead to non-salt-wasting forms of 3β-HSD2 deficiency (7, 8, 9). The enzyme HSD3β2 catalyzes the 3-beta-dehydrogenation and isomerization of the double bond of the steroid B ring to the steroid A ring, converting Δ5 to Δ4 steroids such as pregnenolone to progesterone (mineralocorticoid pathway), 17-α-hydroxypregnenolone to 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (glucocorticoid pathway), DHEA to androstenedione and androstenediol to testosterone (sex-steroid pathway). Therefore, absence of this enzyme impairs all these Δ4 steroid production while low levels of cortisol resulting in increased ACTH stimulation of steroids prior to the 3β-HSD step, producing increased accumulation and secretion of Δ5 3β hydroxy steroids: pregnenolone, 17-α-hydroxypregnenolone and DHEA. Adrenal insufficiency occurs secondary to aldosterone and cortisol deficiency. 46,XY individuals with severe defects may present with ambiguous genitalia, hypospadias, severe adrenal insufficiency in infancy, poor virilization at puberty and gynecomastia, whereas milder forms with penoscrotal hypospadias and premature adrenarche. Indeed, this differentiation is not straightforward and impaired male sexual differentiation correlates poorly with salt-wasting forms; moreover, identical mutations have also been found in both the forms (10). Virilization or spontaneous puberty has been reported in patients secondary to either direct effects of DHEA or to sufficient conversion of DHEA to testosterone via peripheral type I 3β-HSD isoenzyme (10).
On the other hand, Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosome disorder in male characterized by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, androgen deficiency and impaired spermatogenesis (11). In 1942, Klinefelter et al. published a report on nine men who had enlarged breasts, sparse facial and body hair, small testes and an inability to produce sperm. In 1959, these men with KS were discovered to have an extra X chromosome (genotype XXY) instead of the usual male sex complement (genotype XY) (4). In 80–90% of the cases this defining karyotype (47,XXY) is universally observed among the patient’s cells, whereas various grades of mosaicism (47,XXY/46,XY) or a structurally abnormal X chromosome (e.g. X isochromosome) may be detected in the remaining cases (12). Individuals with mosaic KS in particular tend to present milder forms of the syndrome, both with respect to testosterone deficiency and sperm production (13). Mosaicism (mainly 46,XY/47,XXY) commonly arises from either non-disjunction in an early mitotic division of the developing 46,XY zygote or from loss of one of the X chromosome of a 47,XXY conception due to anaphase lagging (14). Phenotypic heterogeneity is a significant feature of KS, while its manifestations can be attributed either to the aneuploidy and the impact of increased gene dosage by the supernumerary X or the presence of hypogonadism per se (15). Though premature failure of Leydig cell function is observed in KS subjects, hypogonadism is usually not evident before early adulthood (16). In line with this, congenital anomalies of the genital organs driven by hypogonadism such as micropenis, bifid scrotum or hypospadias, although more frequent in KS than in the general population, have an overall low prevalence (17). Accordingly, the temporary surge in gonadotropins observed in early infancy, also known as ‘minipuberty’, is usually present with FSH levels peaking at 2–3 months of age, followed by a subsequent rapid decline (18). Ultimately, the clinical presentation is highly variable and is modified according to the age of the individual. During infancy, males with KS may have chromosomal evaluations done for hypospadias, small phallus or cryptorchidism (19). The toddlers may present with developmental delay, especially with expressive language skills. The school-aged child may present with language delay, learning disabilities or behavioral/social problems (20). The older child or adolescent may be discovered during an endocrine evaluation for delayed or incomplete pubertal development with eunuchoid body habitus, gynecomastia and small testes (21). Adults are often evaluated for infertility or breast malignancy (22).
The simultaneous occurrence of CAH and Klinefelter syndrome is extremely rare. The interest in describing this case report lies in the exceptionality of the concurrent occurrence of CAH because of 3β-HSD deficiency and mosaic KS 47,XXY/46,XX (3:1). This provides clinical evidence of the coexistence of 2 diseases, the first of which causes androgen excess and the second androgen deficiency.
The index patient as we report after taking informed consent from the legal guardian for publications of clinical details and images was the first issue of a consanguineous marriage. At birth, he presented with ambiguous genitalia, cryptorchidism and micro phallus with penoscrotal hypospadius. At the age of 7 years, he presented with accelerated growth, advanced bone age with phallic enlargement and other features of precocious puberty along with high testosterone levels except for his cryptorchidism that remained unexplained. So we were dealing with a patient who presented with disordered sexual differentiation (DSD) evident at birth and later on developed evidence of precocious puberty. Though there was no history of classic salt wasting crisis yet he complained of nausea, occasional diarrhea and progressive blackening of skin. These features could be explained by cortisol deficiency and ACTH excess indicating one of the varieties of CAH that at the same time leads to in utero and early life androgen deficiency causing ambiguous genitalia in a phenotypic male. There are certain varieties of 46XY DSD that may lead to pubertal virilization and growth acceleration like some variants of CAH e.g. deficiency of 3β-HSD 2, 17β-HSD-3 or other non-adrenal disorders like partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), 5α-reductase-2 deficiency or ovo-testicular DSD. CAH in our patient was proven biochemically by high ACTH and low cortisol, thereby excluding non-adrenal disorders from our list. On the other hand, 17β-HSD-3 deficiency usually presents with female phenotype at birth. As this enzyme is required in conversion of androstenedione to testosterone without affecting glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid pathway so it was unlikely in this case. This patient had high 17OH-pregnenolone and low 17OH progesterone level indicating deficiency of 3β-HSD. He had gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty as evidenced by low LH, FSH with high DHEA-S and testosterone. It can be explained by CAH due to 3β-HSD deficiency where features of excess androgen found either by direct effects of high DHEA or to sufficient conversion of DHEA to testosterone via peripheral type I 3β-HSD isoenzyme. However, presence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias pointed toward androgen insufficiency that was attributable to mosaic variety of KS 47,XXY/46,XX (3:1) (19). Whereas the precocity of puberty was a feature of androgen excess that went against the features of KS. This excess androgen also masked some other hypoandrogenic features of KS. Probably peripheral conversion of adrenal androgen into testosterone and estrogen was sufficient enough to prevent the development of eunuchoidism as expected in KS. So, we can speculate that high adrenal androgen secretion by CAH had a greater relevance than the low testicular androgen production, typical of KS. Till now there are 5 reported cases of co-occurrence of KS with CAH, one of them had 3BHSD2 deficiency but with a different presentation and the rest of them had 21-OH deficiency (23, 24, 25, 26, 27). Four of them were detected in boys and another one in a 51-year-old male. The first four cases were diagnosed with CAH in early infancy or childhood and were started on glucocorticoid treatment. However, they had small testicular volume and pubertal delay raising the suspicion of hypogonadism. So, karyotyping was done subsequently revealing KS. Balestrieri et al. reported occurrence of KS and 21OHD CAH a 51-year-old man who came to their attention because of mastodynia; he had bilateral gynecomastia with normal virilization and muscular masses, but both testes were small (4 mL) with a firm consistency. Later on his karyotyping and hormonal profile revealed co-existence of 21OHD CAH with KS (27). Probably our patient is the first reported case of 3β-HSD deficiency CAH with mosaic KS that was detected simultaneously rather than on later follow-up, unlike the other cases. The clue to this suspicion was bilateral cryptorchidism that was implausible to result from CAH and pointed towards co-existent hypogonadism. Though peripheral sexual precocity, instead of hypogonadism was apparent biochemically, possibly because of his prepubertal age of presentation and due to excess adrenal androgen, yet, karyotype revealed a mosaic KS.
Most patients with 3β-HSD deficiency require treatment with mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and androgen replacement. We started him on mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid replacement and orchiopexy was performed. At present, he is on regular follow-up and waiting for corrective surgery for hypospadias. Following initiation of treatment he developed gynecomastia that might be due to suppression of adrenal androgen production after treatment with corticosteroid unmasking his hypogonadism. However, in subsequent follow-up, it resolved and hormonal profile showed evidence of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (Table 2), unveiling the biochemical picture of KS.
The HSD3B2 gene provides instruction for making 3β-HSD type 2 enzyme. Various mutations in the HSD3B2 gene have been shown to be responsible for the varying phenotypic presentations. Missense mutations in the type II gene have been described in non-classic late-onset 3β-HSD deficiency (6). Genetic analysis of HSD3B2 gene was performed, where RNA was extracted from peripheral blood sample and reverse-transcribed to synthesize cDNA. cDNA of HSD3B2 genes were amplified using PCR with specific primer. PCR products were then purified and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis based on Sanger sequencing protocol (28). The DNA sequencing of the patient’s HSD3B2 gene revealed the two homozygous missense mutations V299I (GTA>ATA), S309T (TCC>ACC) and one heterozygous mutation Q311R (CAA>CGA) (Fig. 6).
Conclusion
The unique presentation of our subject affected by both CAH due to 3β-HSD deficiency and mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome(47,XXY/46,XX) suggests that these two syndromes, the first inducing high levels and the second accounting for low levels of circulating androgens, balanced out in determining the patient’s phenotype.
Declaration of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.
Funding
Fund was provided by the investigators themselves. Genetic study was performed at a nominal cost by the investigators of Dhaka University.
Patient consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardian of the patient for publication of the submitted article and the accompanying images.
Author’s contribution statement
The clinical and biochemical part of the research was carried out by the investigators of BSMMU, Dhaka and the genetic analysis and its subsequent description by the investigators of Dhaka University. All the authors read and approved the draft.
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